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University  of  California. 


G-IFX  OF 


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BY  WILLIAM   E.  PABOR 


AUTHOR  OF     COLORADO  AS  AN  AGRICULTURAL  STATE.' 


GOD  ALMIGHTY  FIRST  PLANTED  A  GARDEN,  AND  INDEED  IT  is  THE  PUREST  OF  ALL  HUMAN  PLEASURES. 

IT  IS  THE  GREATEST  REFRESHMENT  OF  THE  SPIRITS  OF  MAN,  WITHOUT  WHICH  BOILDINGS  AND  PALACES  ARE 
BUT  GROSS  HANDIWORKS,  AND  MAN  SHALL  EVER  SEE  THAT  WHEN  AGES  GROW  TO  CIVfllTY  AND  ELEGANCE, 
MEN  COME  TO  BUILD  STATELY  SOONER  THAN  TO  GARDEN 'FINELY,  AS  IF  GARDENING  WERE  THE  GREATEST 
•PERFECTION.— LORD  BACON. 


DENVER: 

W.  E.  PABOR,  PUBLISHER. 

DOVE  &  TEMPLE,  BOOK  &  JOB  PRINTERS. 

1883. 


p 

•v  \6 


3  /"/•-!'  3 


PREFATORY  NOTE. 


"What  is  it  ?    Only  a  handful  of  earth,  to  your  touch 
A  dry,  rough  powder,  you  trample  beneath  your  feet  ; 

Dark  and  lifeless  ;  but  think  for  a  moment,  how  much 
It  hides  and  holds  that  is  beautiful,  bitter  or  sweet." 


of  the  earth  cometh  vine  and  plant,  bush  and  tree, 

to  bless  mankind,  "and  there's  no  more  beautiful  riddle 
the  whole  world  round"  for  man  to  study  than  the  mystery 
of  fruit  culture. 

This,  in  Colorado,  is  in  its  infancy.  We  have  but  touched 
the  border-land  of  possibilities.  We  see,  through  the  mists 
of  the  present,  the  fruit-lands  of  the  future  ;  but  whether 
they  lie  on  the  fair  slopes  and  in  the  beautiful  vallies  of  our 
eastern  border,  or  in  the  new  and  untried  vallies  beyond  the 
range  on  the  Pacific  slope,  in  Gunnison,  Uncompahgre, 
and  Grand  vallies  along  our  western  border,  who  shall  be 
daring  enough  to  say  positively  ?  For  fifteen  years  fruit 
culture  has  been  an  experiment  with  many,  whose  opinions 
are  grouped  together  in  this  Manual.  And  yet,  who  can 
declare  that  he  has  mastered  the  difficulties  that  surround 
the  subject  or  can  advise  with  perfect  safety  ? 

The  Jeweler  takes  gems  from  many  mines,  and  with 
Iceen  lapidarian  skill,  after  a  season  of  labor  presents  to  the 
eye  a  necklace  or  a  tiara  flashing  in  brilliancy  and  perfect 
in  color.  But  the  gems  he  did  not  create.  He  was  but  a 
master  workman,  worthy  of  credit  only  in  so  far  as  his  skill 
lias  been  shown. 

So  the  compiler  of  this  little  pamphlet  claims  for  it  no 
merit  as  to  any  originality  of  his  own.  He  has  but  brought 
into  compact  shape  and  easy  form  the  varied  experience 


6  Prefatory  Note. 

of  those  who  have  learned  a  little  in  the  field  of  horticul- 
ture and  have  been  willing  to  tell  it  by  word  of  mouth  or 
motion  of  pen  to  others,  seeking  some  rays  of  light  in  the 
shadowed  land  of  doubt  and  uncertainty. 

In  the  hope  that  it  may  prove  of  service  to  all  who  are 
engaged  in,  or  propose  to  enter  upon  the  pleasant  occupa- 
tion of  Fruit  Culture,  the  compiler  permits  this  little  pam- 
phlet to  go  forth  as  evidence  of  his  own  love  for,  and  firm, 
faith  in,  the  future  of  Fruit  Culture  in  Colorado. 

W.  E.  P. 

Shady-side,  Argyle  Park,  near  Denver,  Colo.,  Jan.,  1883. 


DUCHESS  OF  OLDENBURCH. 

Grown  and  For  Sale  by 

R.  G.  CHASE  &  CO.,  Nurserymen, 

GENEVA,  N.  Y. 


APPLES. 


"Come,  let  us  plant  the  apple  tree. 
Cleave  the  tough  greensward  with  the  spade ; 
Wide  let  its  hollow  bed  be  made ; 
There  gently  lay  the  roots,  and  there 
Sift  the  dark  mold  with  kindly  care 

And  press  it  o'er  them  tenderly ; 
As  'round  the  sleeping  infant's  feet 
We  softly  fold  the  cradle  sheet, 

So  plant  we  the  apple  tree."  —Henry  W.  Longfellow. 

INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 

S  the  garden  was  the  first  habitation  in  which  we  are 
told  Man  was  placed,  so  the  apple  is  the  first  fruit  of 
which  mention  is  made  as  flourishing  in  it.  And,  while  it 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  cause  of  his  banishment  from 
the  home  first  given  him,  it  is  to  be  stated  to  the  credit  of 
this  fruit,  that  it  followed  him  out  of  the  Garden  of  Eden 
and  has  kept  him  company  and  been  a  solace  to  him  all 
through  his  wanderings  over  the  earth,  in  almost  every  zone 
and  under  the  most  adverse  circumstances,  thereby  endeavor- 
ing to  atone,  as  far  as  lay  in  its  power,  for  the  trouble  it 
originally  caused. 

Many  centuries  passed  before  "varieties"  were  cata- 
logued. Even  up  to  the  time  of  Pliny,  the  Roman  historian, 
but  a  score  or  so  were  named  by  the  pomologists  of  that 
era.  In  these  later  days  we  are  given,  by  such  undoubted 
authority  as  Professor  Warder,  a  list  of  over  two  thousand 
from  which  to  select ;  varieties  adapted  to  every  month  in 
the  year,  of  every  conceivable  flavor,  size,  shape,  color. 

The  value  of  the  apple,  considered  apart  from  its 
market  value,  is  well  set  forth  by  a  correspondent  of  Cole- 
man's  Rural  World,  while  discussing  the  apple  for  its  health- 


8  Fruit  Culture. 

giving  properties.  "As  an  article  of  food  they  rank  with 
the  potato,  and  on  account  of  the  variety  of  ways  in  which 
they  may  be  served,  they  are  far  preferable,  to  the  taste  of 
many  persons ;  and  if  families  would  only  substitute  ripe, 
luscious  apples,  for  pies,  cakes,  candies  and  preserved  fruits, 
there  would  be  much  less  sickness  among  the  children,  and 
the  saving  in  this  one  item  alone  would  purchase  many  bar- 
rels of  apples.  They  have  an  excellent  effect  upon  the  whole 
physical  system,  feeding  the  brain  as  well  as  adding  to  the 
flesh  and  keeping  the  blood  pure ;  also  preventing  constipa- 
tion and  correcting  a  tendency  to  acidity,  which  produces 
rheumatism  and  neuralgia.  They  will  cool  off  the  fevered 
condition  of  the  system  ;  in  fact,  they  are  far  better  for  these 
purposes  than  the  many  nostrums  which  are  so  highly 
praised  in  the  advertisements  and  so  constantly  purchased 
by  sufferers.  A  ripe,  raw  apple  is  entirely  digested  in  an 
hour  and  a  half,  while  the  boiled  potato  takes  twice  that 
time." 

THE  APPLE  IN  COLORADO. 

What  was  said  by  Joseph  Wolff,  of  Boulder  County, 
in  1872,  as  regards  success  and  failure  in  fruit  culture  in 
Colorado,  is  as  true  to-day  as  it  was  then ;  though  we  have 
this  advantage  over  those  earlier  days,  that  we  have  an 
experience  covering  ten  years  or  more  by  which  to  guide 
our  steps  as  we  cautiously  feel  our  way  forward.  He  wrote : 
"  Fruit  culture  in  Colorado  is  now  a  system  of  experiment- 
ing, and  must  for  years  be  largely  in  that  condition,  until 
experience  shall  determine  what  varieties  to  plant,  the  kind 
of  soil  required,  the  proper  tillage,  irrigation,  mulching, 
fertilizers,  etc.  My  own  opinion  is  that  Colorado  will  yet 
rival  any  of  the  Middle  States  in  the  production  of  fruits, 
and,  for  one,  I  propose  to  keep  on  trying  till  I  succeed."  In 
this  laudable  work  he  has  continued — to  his  credit  be  it 
said — unto  this  day.  How  much  more  worthy  would  he 
be  of  honor  from  the  hearts  of  those  who  are  struggling  in 


Apples.  9 

these  fruit  experimental  fields,  were  he  but  as  ready  to  write 
of  his  experience  now  as  as  he  was  ten  years  ago, 

Said  Major  Henry  McAlister,  of  Colorado  Springs,  in 
an  address  on  Apple  Culture  in  Colorado  before  the  El  Paso 
Horticultural  Society,  in  January,  1882:  "There  is  no  longer 
any  doubt  that  apples  can  be  grown  successfully  in  all  that 
portion  of  Colorado  east  of  the  mountains.  The  experience 
of  a  number  of  persons  both  in  the  northern  and  southern 
sections  of  the  State  justifies  the  belief  that,  within  ten 
years,  the  Colorado  demand  for  apples  will  be  fully  met 
with  Colorado-grown  fruit.  It  is  true  that  much  experi- 
mentation must  still  be  practised  before  the  fifll  capabilities 
of  our  soil  and  climate  are  learned,  but  enough  is  known  to 
make  the  planting  of  an  apple  orchard  a  matter  attended  no 
longer  with  any  considerable  risk,  provided  that  in  doing  so 
the  advice  be  taken  of  those  whose  experience  during  the 
past  ten  or  fifteen  years  have  resulted  in  complete  success. 
Although  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  list  of  apples  that  can 
be  grown  to  advantage  in  Colorado  will  be  very  much  en- 
larged by  future  experiments,  I  believe  that  there  are  many 
kinds  now  grown  very  successfully  east  of  the  Mississippi 
that  will  not  do  well  in  the  peculiar  climate  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  .region." 

LOCATION  AND  SOIL. 

We  group  together  the  advice,  given  on  this  important 
•subject,  by  those  who  have  thus  far  come  under  our  obser- 
vation in  the  public  prints  or  in  private  correspondence. 

J.  W.  COOK  :  The  best  location  for  an  orchard  is  on 
upland,  with  a  gentle  slope  to  the  east  or  south.  Apple 
trees,  however,  will  not  grow  on  land  subject  to  seepage. 
The  trees  should  be  set  close  together  and  should  be  made 
to  branch  out  near  the  ground  so  as  to  protect  the  trunk 
from  the  burning  rays  of  the  sun. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  Any  grouud  that  will  grow  soap-weed, 
sage-brush,  or  buffalo-grass  will  grow  trees  if  under  water 
and  proper  tillage. 


io  Fruit  Culture. 

J.  N.  CARNOHAN  :  Clay  upland  soil,  well  matured,  is  the 
best.  Clay  will  hold  the  trees  solid. 

A.  N.  HOAG  :  I  favor  a  soil  that  is  a  clay  loam  with 
porous  clay  sub-soil  undulated  with  shale.  My  orchard  is 
on  land  sloping  south  on  quite  a  hill-side. 

JESSE  FRAZIER  :  My  orchard  is  on  what  is  termed  second 
bottom  land,  mostly  ;  part  of  it  is  on  first  bottom ;  these 
last  are  not  in  so  thriving  a  condition,  and  apparently  are 
not  doing  so  well  as  those  that  are  on  the  upland  soil. 

HENRY  McAusxER,  JR.  :  In  planting  my  trees  I  take 
great  pains  in  preparing  the  ground.  The  soil  of  my  gar- 
den is  fully  three  feet  deep.  A  hole  is  dug  six  feet  in  diam- 
eter and  five  feet  deep.  The  top  soil  is  thrown  to  one  side 
and  two  feet  of  gravel  carted  out  to  repair  the  street  or  side- 
walk. In  place  of  the  latter  I  put  good  soil  mixed  with 
rotten  manure.  When  the  excavation  is  nearly  filled  up  I 
have  put  in  the  trees,  and,  after  arranging  the  roots  in  their 
natural  condition,  throw  in  the  top  soil  first  removed,  sett- 
ling the  earth  around  the  roots  by  throwing  upon  it  a  few 
buckets  of  water.  Trees  so  planted  will  do  well,  even  on 
light  ground,  without  more  than  one  or  two  irrigations  a 
year,  although  twice  as  many  will  not  injure  them. 

J.  S.  PERKEY  :  Prepare  your  ground  for  planting  fruit 
trees  in  the  fall  of  the  year.  Choose  a  north  slope,  if  pos- 
sible, plowing  trenches  eighteen  inches  deep  with  the  slope 
of  the  ground.  By  plowing  the  trenches  the  sub-soil  is 
exposed,  freezing  and  thawing  in  the  winter ;  and  by  plant- 
ing time  in  the  spring  it  has  become  pulverized  and  is  in  a 
fit  condition  to  be  placed  about  the  roots  of  the  trees.  Leave 
about  six  inches  of  pulverized  earth  in  the  bottom  of  the 
trench  where  the  tree  is  to  be  planted ;  set  the  tree  in  and 
place  each  root  in  its  natural  position.  Fill  in  about  three 
inches  of  fine  earth  and  throw  half  a  pail  of  water  upon  itr 
that  the  earth  may  settle  close  about  the  roots.  Fill  the 
trench  about  two-thirds  full  of  dirt,  tread  it  lightly,  that  the 


Apples.  1 1 

tree  may  stand  firm,  then  plow  the  trenches  full,  level  with 
a  harrow,  taking  care  not  to  bark  the  trees. 

G.  W.  WEBSTER  :  Colorado  soil  is  rich  enough  for  apple 
culture,  just  as  it  is,  if  enough  water  is  used.  There  is  no 
necessity  for  manuring;  but  if  you  must  do  it,  leave  the 
manure  on  the  top  of  the  ground  for  one  year,  and  then 
spade  or  plow  under. 

D.  S.  GRIMES:  In  this,  as  in  other  States,  nature,  when 
well  studied,  will  furnish  reliable  evidence  as  to  best  loca- 
tion in  her  own  tree  planting.  We  find  her  best  specimens 
growing  on  a  northern  exposure,  grading  east  and  west.  A 
northern  exposure  furnishes  a  more  even  temperature,  is  not 
precipitated  into  an  unreasonable  or  dangerous  growth  in 
early  spring.  The  soil  retains  coolness  and  moisture — two 
essential  conditions  to  tree  growing.  The  eastern  exposure 
catches  the  warm  morning  sun,  starting  early  the  growth, 
which,  as  the  sun  recedes  in  the  west,  is  gradually  prepared 
for  the  cool  atmosphere  of  nightfall.  In  the  western  ex- 
posure we  find  conditions  in  many  respects  resembling 
those  of  the  north.  A  southern  exposure,  on  account  of 
bad  winds  and  the  effects  of  the  sun,  is  the  most  unfavor- 
able for  trees  but  good  for  vines.  Lowland  located  near 
streams  of  water,  or  where  a  wet,  cold  subsoil  exists,  is  very 
unfavorable  to  the  growth  of  fruit  trees.  In  regard  to  soil, 
it  is  generally  good  enough  in  Colorado  in  its  natural  state, 
but  the  alluvial  soil  found  near  the  mountains  is  undoubt- 
edly the  best.  The  soil  requires  no  manure  until  the  trees 
come  into  bearing.  Trees  in  full  fruiting  draw  heavily  on 
the  soil,  and  a  corresponding  feeding,  or  fertilizing,  is  re- 
quired to  insure  perfect  crops. 

PLANTING  AND  CULTIVATION. 

Says  Mr.  J.  H.  Newcomb,  giving  hints  on  transplant- 
ing: "  In  setting  out  fruit  of  any  kind  a  person  should  select 
high  and  naturally  well-drained  ground,  that  can  be  irri- 
gated and  has  been  worked  one  or  two  seasons.  Plow  or 


12  Fruit  Culture, 

make  cross  furrows  first,  the  distance  at  which  you  want  to 
set,  then  plow  the  distance  the  other  way,  and  where  you 
wish  to  have  your  water  run,  dig  holes  larger  and  deeper 
than  is  required.  As  freshly  stirred  ground  is  a  big  advan- 
tage, take  your  trees  as  fast  as  you  are  ready  for  them  from 
the  heel.  Cutting  the  tops  back  is  beneficial,  but  in  all 
cases  pay  attention  to  the  roots  ;  be  sure  and  cut  off  all  the 
bruised  roots;  look  at  them  carefully,  and  if  the  ends  have 
begun  to  kill  back,  cut  till  you  come  to  good,  sound, 
healthy  wood,  then  fill  up  your  hole  with  top  dirt  till  your 
tree  will  set  as  deep,  or  perhaps  an  inch  deeper,  than  it  did 
in  the  nursery.  Set  your  tree  in,  throw  in  your  dirt,  and  if 
the  ground  is  damp  enough  tread  it  well,  being  careful  to 
have  it  solid  next  the  crown  so  no  air  can  get  in ;  throw  a 
little  loose  dirt  over  the  tramping,  and  you  are  done.  Do 
not  hill  up  to  them." 

The  following  instructions  are  given  by  D.  S.  Grimes : 
In  planting  trees  the  holes  should  be  of  sufficient  size  to 
admit  the  roots  in  a  natural  position,  without  bending  or 
cramping.  Pare  off  with  a  sharp  knife  all  broken  or  bruised 
roots,  sloping  from  the  underside.  Do  not  suffer  the  roots 
to  become  dry ;  the  small  fibres  are  the  feeders,  the  large 
roots  holding  the  tree  in  place.  Fresh  manure  placed  in 
direct  contact  with  the  roots  is  injurious  and  dangerous.  Cut 
back  the  tops  in  proportion  to  the  loss  of  roots  in  digging, 
•say  one-third.  Place  the  heaviest  part  of  the  top  of  the 
tree  to  the  south-west,  or  about  where  the  two  o'clock  sun 
will  strike  the  trunk.  A  stave  or  stake  driven  on  that  side 
will  prove  a  good  protection  against  the  scorching  rays  of 
the  sun,  which  kills  more  trees  than  the  cold. 

As  regards  the  proper  time  to  plant,  there  is  a  differ- 
ence of  opinion.  Some  favor  spring,  others  regard  the  fall 
as  the  best  time.  J.  W.  Cook  favors  the  latter  method.  Mr. 
J.  H.  Newcomb  says  that  unless  in  very  protected  localities 
he  advises  planting  in  spring  as  early  as  trees  can  be  pro- 
cured, in  case  there  is  sufficient  moisture;  otherwise  as  soon 


Apples.  13. 

as  water  is  in  the  ditches.  J.  W.  Cook  holds  to  the  theory 
of  fall  planting.  His  method  is  as  follows  :  Plow  very  deep 
and  set  on  grade.  Draw  a  chain  on  the  ground  to  make  a 
mark  for  the  trees  and  set  them  about  an  inch  deeper  than 
they  were  in  the  nursery.  Pack  the  ground,  and  afterward 
there  may  be  planted  between  them  some  hoed  crop,  but 
no  grain.  Branch  within  six  or  twelve  inches  of  the  ground ;. 
head  low  and  use  no  manure.  It  is  well  to  mulch  some 
around  the  trees  to  keep  the  sun  from  burning  them.  Cold 
does  not  hurt  trees.  It  is  the  dry  air  and  hot  sun. 

The  distance  apart  to  set  trees  has  not  yet  been  authen- 
tatively  established.  J.  W.  Cook  says  set  trees  twelve  feet 
apart  each  way ;  they  do  better  thick  and  bear  better  than  if 
set  too  far  apart.  Mr.  Jesse's  Frazier's  orchard  has  them 
set  sixteen  feet  apart,  the  trees  not  set  opposite  each  otherv 
but  in  this  style : 

*  *  *  *  *  *  * 

****** 

Mr.  J.  H.  Newcomb  says  standard  apple  trees  should 
be  fifteen  feet  apart  each  way.  Mr.  D.  L.  Tracy  gives  three 
lists  of  varieties  that  should  be  set  40,  30  and  20  feet  apart,, 
as  follows : 

FORTY  FEET. — Yellow  Belle  Flower,  Ben  Davis,  Wine 
Sap,  Northern  Spy,  Talman's  and  Golden  Sweet. 

THIRTY  FEET. — Rambo,  Russett,  Jonathan,  Early  Har- 
vest. 

TWENTY  FEET. — Red  June,  Early  Joe,  Summer  Pear- 
main,  Red  Astrachan,  Tetofski. 

Jesse  Frazier  cultivates  as  follows :  In  the  spring  he 
plows  the  soil  between  the  trees  to  a  depth  of  four  inches 
and  cultivates  through  the  season  enough  to  keep  down  the 
weeds.  A  furrow  is  run  between  every  row  and  water  ap- 
plied up  to  as  late  in  the  season  as  water  can  be  obtained. 
In  the  spring  he  is  governed  by  the  kind  of  winter  that  has 
passed.  If  a  wet  one,  no  irrigation  is  likely  to  be  required 
until  late  in  the  spring.  He  aims,  when  irrigating,  to  soak 


14  Fruit  Culture. 

all  the  ground  thoroughly,  and  considers  this  method  essen- 
tial to  success.  All  his  trees  are  low  headers,  obtaining 
thereby  as  little  trunk  as  possible ;  the  branches  effectually 
shading  the  trunk  from  the  sun.  There  is  not  a  wind-break 
about  the  orchard.  Many  trees  in  his  orchard  are  nearly  a 
foot  in  diameter,  and  all  through  the  orchard  can  be  seen 
limbs  broken  off  by  the  weight  of  fruit  they  bore. 

Mr.  Anson  Rudd,  who  commenced  experimental  fruit 
culture  as  early  as  1864,  for  a  long  time  met  with  no  suc- 
cess;  but  this  did  not  discourage  him,  and  he  has  now  a 
nice  little  orchard  of  about  two  hundred  trees.  His  land  is 
level,  and  he  keeps  it  in  clover,  believing  that  it  is  a  great 
protection.  His  trees  grow  low,  many  of  the  branches, 
when  the  fruit  is  on  them,  laying  on  the  ground.  He  applies 
salt  in  abundance  and  believes  that  too  much  cannot  be 
scattered  on  the  soil  about  the  trunks  of  the  trees. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Perkey  says  that  for  the  first  three  years  an 
apple  orchard  could  be  profitably  planted  to  corn,  besides 
being  of  benefit  to  the  trees,  shading  them  from  the  sun 
and  protecting  them  from  the  wind.  This  prevents  blast- 
ing. He  also  recommends  leaving  stalks  standing,  as  a 
good  winter  protection,  causing  the  snow  to  lodge  where 
the  wind  will  not  sweep  it  away. 

As  regards  size  and  age  of  trees,  Mr.  J.  H.  Newcomb 
gives  the  following  advice:  Trees  that  have  obtained  the 
height  of  five  to  seven  feet,  comparatively  stocky,  if  but  two 
years  old  so  much  the  better,  of  well-matured,  ripe  wood, 
are,  in  my  opinion,  the  best  to  plant ;  younger  trees  are  apt 
to  be  not  sufficiently  hardened  up  to  transfer,  and  older  are 
liable  to  have  further  back-set.  They  can  easily  be  taken 
up  at  that  size  and  age  with  a  tree-plow,  retaining  nearly 
all  of  their  roots,  and,  if  they  have  not  been  hurt  in  hand- 
ling, start  at  once. 


Apples.  15 

IRRIGATION. 

We  group  the  following  opinions  on  this  important 
subject : 

A.  N.  HOAG  :  Apple  trees  require  only  a  moderate  share 
of  water. 

J.  N.  CARNOHAN  :  Irrigate  slowly.  Too  much  water, 
run  fast,  washes  the  roots  bare.  Remember,  the  ground 
when  cultivated  is  consequently  loose  and  washes  easy. 

W.  F.  WATROUS  :  My  practice  has  been  to  use  all  the 
water  necessary  to  keep  trees  in  a  vigorous,  growing  con- 
dition from  the  time  they  start  in  spring  up  to  about  the 
middle  of  August.  Then  use  no  more  water  until  late  in 
the  fall. 

D.  S.  GRIMES  :  We  have  verified  the  wisdom  of  this 
practice  (Mr.  Watrous's)  by  withholding  water  and  cultiva- 
tion in  August  from  some  rows  and  thoroughly  watering 
and  cultivating  other  rows.  The  first  rows  made  a  fine, 
heavy  growth,  ripening  up  their  wood  perfectly.  The  last 
made  a  heavy  growth,  did  not  cease  growing  until  Septem- 
ber, and  consequently  did  not  ripen  up  their  wood  nor  pass 
safely  through  the  following  winter.  I  use  but  a  small 
stream  of  water  while  irrigating.  You  can  thus  soak  the 
ground  thoroughly  without  washing  the  furrows ;  but  be 
sure  and  remember  that  fruit  trees  will  not  grow  in  a 
swamp.  Too  much  water  is  bad  medicine. 

J.  C.  WOODBURY  :  Many  who  attempt  to  grow  apples 
spoil  their  trees  by  irrigating  too  much.  Water  should  be 
used  sparingly,  from  early  spring  until  late  fall,  when  plenty 
could  be  applied  to  prepare  the  tree  to  go  into  winter 
quarters. 

G.  W.  WEBSTER  :  Apply  water  liberally  the  first  year, 
say  every  week ;  afterward  every  two  or  three  weeks  until 
the  trees  are  well  established,  when  once  or  twice  during 
the  season  is  sufficient. 

JOE  WOLFF  :  Orchards  should  be  thoroughly  irrigated 
late  in  the  fall.  No  matter  how  wet  the  winter  may  be,  it 


1 6  Fruit  Culture. 

cannot  injure  the  tree.  No  matter  how  dry  it  be,  thorough 
irrigation  late  in  the  fall  will  save  the  trees  and  keep  them 
ready  for  a  vigorous  start  in  the  spring. 

G.  W.  WEBSTER:  The  cause  of  winter  killing  is  drouth. 
The  more  water  given  in  the  fall  the  better.  I  once  had  my 
whole  orchard  under  ice  one  entire  winter  and  did  not  lose 
a  single  tree. 

J.  S.  PERKEY  :  Before  freezing  weather  sets  in  the  or- 
chard should  be  thoroughly  irrigated,  that  the  ground  may 
retain  its  moisture  through  the  winter. 

PERRY  WHITE  :  Give  trees  lots  of  water  in  the  fall  for 
winter  safety.  My  plan  is  as  follows :  When  the  leaves  be- 
gin to  fall,  soak  the  orchard  in  water,  giving  the  ground  as 
much  as  it  will  hold.  Then  the  tree  is  always  plump  and 
does  not  shrivel  up. 

In  Utah,  according  to  a  correspondent  of  the  Utah 
Farmer,  where  orchards  are  watered  early  in  the  season  and 
the  ground  saturated  while  the  leaves  are  young  and  tender, 
the  trees  are  liable  to  be  injured,  for  the  reason  that  the 
feeders  are  in  active  operation,  and  too  much  moisture  forced 
into  the  young  and  tender  leaf  bursts  its  vessels  and  renders 
it  of  little  use.  If  this  excessive  watering  is  kept  up  the 
whole  of  the  growing  season,  the  tree  becomes  sickly  and 
will  show  a  discolored  leaf  the  following  spring. 

WIND  BREAKS. 

Opinions  differ  as  to  the  advisability  of  wind-breaks. 
The  largest  orchard  in  the  State,  that  of  Mr.  Jesse  Frazier,. 
at  Florence,  Fremont  County,  has  no  wind-break  whatever,, 
and  he  declared  to  the  writer  of  this  that  the  outside  rows 
of  trees  in  his  orchard,  most  exposed  to  storms,  always 
yielded  the  best. 

J.  W.  Cook,  of  Arvada,  who,  however,  is  better  author- 
ity on  grapes  than  on  apples,  says  :  In  setting  out  an  orchard 
the  wind-break  should  be  set  on  the  west  and  north  sides 
to  protect  the  trees  from  the  sharp,  drying  winds  of  winter 


Apples.  17 

and  spring.  Undoubtedly  the  best  tree  for  this  purpose,  as 
well  as  for  fencing,  is  the  honey  locust.  In  four  or  five 
years  the  honey  locust  will,  make  not  only  a  most  effectual 
wind-break,  but  a  fence  that  neither  man  nor  beast  will  go 
through.  It  is  a  rapid  grower,  and  the  wood  makes  excel- 
lent fence  posts  and  firewood. 

Mr.  Anson  Rudd,  who  resides  at  Canon  City,  in  the 
Arkansas  Valley,  says  that  the  storms  that  strike  his  sec- 
tion of  country  generally  come  from  the  south-east  and  are 
often  very  severe  and  cold  ;  but  he  has  observed  that  the 
sides  of  the  trees  that  face  these  storms  are  always  the 
heaviest  growers  ;  thus  confirming  the  experience  of  Mr. 
Frazier,  who  lives  in  the  same  valley,  ten  miles  further  from 
the  foothills  than  Mr.  Rudd. 

G.  W.  Webster,  of  Longmont,  Boulder  County,  says 
his  experience  has  taught  him  to  do  as  they  do  in  Utah 
and  California,  to  use  no  other  wind-break  than  the  apple 
trees  themselves,  planting  the  outward  row  of  an  orchard 
twice  as  close  as  those  on  the  inside.  No  high  wind-breaks, 
he  says,  are  needed  in  Colorado. 

PRUNING. 

A.  N.  HOAG  :  In  pruning  I  sometimes  rub  off  the  col- 
lar sprouts  in  summer ;  while  my  main  pruning  is  done  in 
December. 

J.  S.  PERKEY  :  Never  forget  to  give  your  trees  a  thorough 
top  trimming  each  year.  Thus  a  low-headed,  sound-bodied, 
and  well-rooted  tree  is  obtained. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  I  prefer  pruning  in  young  trees  as  they 
are  growing,  pinching  back  the  ends  of  limbs  with  thumb 
and  finger,  and  brushing  off  with  the  hand  buds  as  they 
appear  where  they  are  not  wanted  to  grow. 

D.  S.  GRIMES  :  Prune  a  tree  in  the  way  it  should  gro  w 
— from  the  top  of  the  future  tree,  while  young.  Little 
branches,  like  little  faults,  leave  no  scars  if  corrected  in 
infancy,  but  the  cutting  away  of  large  limbs  to  correct  early 


1 8  Fruit  Culture. 

mistakes,  leads  to  disease,  decay  and  death.  In  this  coun- 
try of  scorching  suns  and  drying  winds  prune  sparingly  but 
judiciously. 

LATE  FROSTS. 

Henry  McAlister,  Jr.,  says  on  this  subject :  "  It  may 
not  be  generally  known  that  there  are  varieties  of  apples 
whose  blossoms  are  not  in  the  least  injured  by  frost,  or  even 
by  hard  freezing.  In  Colorado,  where  we  so  frequently  have 
late  frosts,  it  is  essential  that  we  should  select  such  kinds  of 
apples  as  are  not  injured  thereby.  Having  learned  that  June 
frosts  are  of  common  occurrence  in  the  northern  part  of 
New  England,  I  recently  wrote  to  a  gentleman  living  near 
Montpelier,  Vermont,  who  is  much  interested  in  fruit  grow- 
ing, for  his  experience  upon  this  subject.  In  his  answer  he 
says,  '  I  have  long  since  discarded  all  varieties  of  apples  that 
are  injured  by  late  frosts.  I  find  that  if  the  blossoms  of  the 
Fameuse,  Wealthy,  Tetofski,  Yellow  Transparent,  and  a  few 
other  varieties,  be  frozen  stiff  on  the  trees,  it  does  not  in  the 
least  degree  lessen  their  crop  of  apples  or  injure  the  fruit  in 
any  way.'  A  friend  sends  me  a  late  number  of  the  Vermont 
Watchman  and  State  Journal  which  contains  a  letter  from 
a  lady  living  in  Milan,  New  Hampshire,  complaining  of  the 
difficulty  of  raising  apples  on  account  of  June  frosts,  which 
are  frequent  and  severe  in  that  locality,  and  kills  the  bloom 
and  causes  the  apples  to  fall  off.  She  wishes  to  know  if 
there  are  any  kinds  that  are  not  injured  by  such  freezing. 
The  editor,  an  experienced  horticulturist,  answers  as  follows : 
'There  are ;  and  last  June  gave  us  as  severe  a  test  as  is  ever 
likely  to  occur.  But  of  more  than  one  hundred  varieties 
that  blossomed  last  spring  the  following  sorts  seemed  en- 
tirely unaffected,  and  produced  nine-tenths  of  all  the  apples 
we  had — of  summer  fruit,  Tetofski  and  Yellow  Transparent ; 
of  fall  apples,  Peach  Apple,  Duchess  of  Oldenburg  and 
Pringle  Sweet ;  of  winter  apples,  Fameuse,  Wealthy,  and 
Scott's  Winter.' " 


Apples.  19 

DAMAGE  DONE  IN  SUMMER. 

Mr.  J.  W.  COOK  :  The  hot  sun  of  summer  frequently 
burns  the  trees  black.  It  leaves  them  with  but  little  vitality. 
The  greatest  damage  is  done  in  August.  A  little  vitality  is 
left,  just  enough  to  support  the  tree  for  a  short  time,  and 
then  the  cold  of  winter  is  unjustly  charged  with  doing  the 
•damage.  It  is  the  hot  sun  that  causes  the  fire  blight  on  the 
top  of  the  tree.  The  body  is  not  affected,  at  first,  but  it 
gradually  dies  down  to  the  root.  South  and  east  slopes  are 
preferable  for  wind-breaks.  Such  positions  break  the  harsh, 
dry  winds  of  the  north  and  west. 

WINTER  PROTECTION. 

Mr.  J.  S.  FLORY,  of  Longmont,  furnishes  the  following 
as  his  experience  in  the  care  of  fruit  trees  during  the  winter  : 
'"  To  make  fruit-raising  a  success  in  Northern  Colorado  we 
must  know  how  to  save  our  trees  through  the  winter ;  if  we 
•succeed  in  this,  all  is  well.  Yes,  says  one,  there  is  where 
all  the  trouble  comes  in ;  the  young  trees  die  through  the 
•winter  or  in  early  spring.  So  they  will  if  the  body  is  not 
protected  from  the  hot  rays  of  the  sun.  What  kills  three- 
fourths  of  the  trees  that  die  is  the  hot  rays  of  the  sun  beat- 
ing upon  the  south-west  side  of  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  heat- 
ing the  trunk  and  sap,  and  then  at  night  a  severe  freeze 
•comes,  and  the  tree  is  ruined.  I  have  seen  trees  of  good  size 
that  were  thus  killed  on  the  south  side  as  if  scorched  by 
fire,  the  bark  peeling  off  and  the  tree  finally  dying.  Some- 
times a  hot  wind  will  also  cause  trees  to  die.  Now  for  the 
remedy,  which  is  simply  to  protect  the  trunk  or  body  of  the 
tree  every  winter  until  the  branches  are  sufficient  to  shade 
the  body.  This  is  readily  done  by  taking  tar  paper,  such 
as  is  used  in  building,  cut  it  in  strips  long  enough  to  reach 
from  the  ground  to  the  branches  of  the  tree,  and  with  heavy 
twine  or  wire,  such  as  is  used  in  binding  grain,  loosely  tie 
strips  of  paper  around  the  tree,  having  first  bent  them  so  as 
to  form  a  kind  of  hollow  tube.  This  also  saves  the  tree 


2O  Fruit  Culture. 

from  the  depredations  of  rabbits  and  the  effect  of  sleet. 
When  the  tree  leaves  out  these  strips  can  be  laid  aside  for 
the  following  fall.  Any  one  who  says  that  this  is  too  much 
trouble  ought  to  go  without  fruit  all  the  days  of  their  life. 
To  set  young  trees  leaning  to  the  south-west  is  also  advis- 
able, that  the  top  will  the  sooner  shade  the  trunk." 

HENRY  MCALISTER,  JR.,  in  response  to  enquiries  as  to 
whether  or  not  he  protected  his  trees  in  the  winter,  replied: 
Only  by  shading  the  trunks  from  the  rays  of  the  sun.  This 
can  be  done  either  by  placing  a  broad  board  against  the 
south  side,  or  by  loosely  wrapping  the  trunk  with  a  strip  of 
old  gunny  sack.  Building  paper  coiled  very  loosely  around 
the  trunk  of  a  tree  answers  well ;  anything  to  keep  off  the 
sun  when  the  sap  is  down. 

D.  M.  ROSE  :  I  do  not  protect  my  trees  further  than  by 
throwing  coarse  manure  around  them,  as  a  mulching,  early 
in  the  winter ;  this  keeps  them  back  in  the  spring,  and  also 
keeps  down  grass  and  other  injurious  growths. 

J.  S.  PERKEY  :  I  advise  mulching  trees  to  a  depth  of 
from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  after  the  first  hard  frost.  By 
so  doing  the  frost  is  retained  about  the  roots,  thereby  pre- 
venting a  premature  rising  of  the  sap  and  also  protecting 
the  buds  from  late  frosts.  I  consider  mulching  very  essen- 
tial, even  in  the  spring  when  young  trees  are  planted.  Coarse 
litter  should  be  used,  such  as  rotten  straw,  etc.,  but  in  no 
instance  use  fresh  stable  manure.  Mulch  three  or  four 
inches  deep  from  three  to  four  feet  away  from  the  body  of 
the  tree.  In  addition  to  protecting  the  roots  near  the  sur- 
face from  the  intense  heat  and  dry  winds  which  sometimes 
prevail  during  the  summer  months,  the  mulching  serves  as 
a  fertilizer. 

G.  W.  WEBSTER  :  Do  not  protect  by  wrapping,  etc.,  in 
winter.  It  only  makes  a  tree  tender. 

D.  M.  ROSE  :  Protect  your  trees  by  mulching  after  the 
ground  freezes.  It  keeps  back  blossoming  in  the  spring 
until  all  danger  from  frost  is  over. 


Apples.  2 1 

1880-1881.     A  WINTER  TEST. 

The  winter  of  1 880-81  was  exceptionally  severe  in 
Colorado,  as  elsewhere ;  and  some  varieties  of  fruit,  up  to 
that  time  deemed  hardy  and  able  to  withstand  the  severe 
test  of  our  winter  seasons,  proved  themselves  unworthy  and 
unreliable.  In  Southern  Colorado  the  following  were  re- 
ported by  E.  R.  Sizer  as  having  been  killed : 

Keswick  Codlin,  Early  Harvest,  Early  Pennock,  Fall 
Winesap  and  Jonathan. 

Those  that  came  out,  with  him,  in  good  condition,  were 
the  following : 

Duchess  of  Oldenburg,  Red  Astrachan,  St.  Lawrence, 
'Grimes's  Golden,  English  Russet,  Red  Canada,  Peck's  Pleas- 
ant, Ben  Davis,  Baily  Sweet,  Northern  Spy  and  Perry 
Russet. 

Mr.  Sizer  lives  in  the  valley  of  the  Purgatoire,  in  Bent 
County,  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Mr.  Jesse  Frazier  reported  those  showing  the  greatest 
injury  as — 

Maiden's  Blush,  Early  Harvest,  Rawle's  Janet,  Sweet 
Romanite,  Keswick  Codlin,  and  Tompkin's  County  King. 

In  Northern  Colorado,  out  of  seventy-two  varieties 
grown  by  D.  S.  Grimes,  the  following -only  came  out  in  good 
condition  : 

Red  Astrachan,  Saps  of  Wine,  Tetofski,  Duchess  of 
Oldenburg,  Summer  Queen,  Alexander,  Wealthy,  Fameuse 
or  Snow  Apple,  Haas,  Porter,  Ben  Davis,  E.  G.  Russet,  Perry 
Russet,  Tanver,  Missouri  Pippin,  Northern  Spy,  Pewaukee, 
Stark,  Little  Red  Romanite,  Walbridge. 

DWARFS. 

Mr.  E.  B.  COSSON,  of  Colorado  Springs,  is  strongly  of 
the  belief  that  dwarf  and  dwarf  standard  apples  are  em- 
inently preferable  to  standards,  and  particularly  for  garden 
culture. 


22  Fruit  Culture. 

Among  the  advantages  of  the  dwarf  trees,  he  says,  may 
be  cited  the  following : 

First — (and  this,  in  Barry's  estimation,  is  the  greatest) 
the  freedom  of  short  trunks  from  insect  troubles. 

Second — (and  in  Colorado  probably  the  most  worthy 
of  consideration)  they  are  less  exposed  to  the  wind. 

Third — They  are  more  accessible  for  management  and 
gathering  of  fruit. 

Fourth — They  suffer  less  from  extremes  of  hot  and  cold 
and  sudden  changes  of  weather. 

Fifth — They  bear  much  earlier. 

Sixth — They  produce  larger  and  finer  fruit. 

Seventh — They  occupy  less  space,  allowing  a  greater 
variety  of  fruit  to  be  grown  on  a  limited  area. 

Eighth — They  are  more  in  harmony  with  the  surround- 
ings, and  are  in  keeping  with  the  rest  of  the  garden. 

On  the  other  hand,  JESSE  FRAZIER,  whose  long  experi- 
ence is  a  warrant  that  his  opinions  are  worthy  of  consider- 
ation, does  not  think  dwarfs  of  much  account.  They  re- 
quire so  much  attention,  he  says,  as  standards,  and  do  not 
bear  so  well. 

MR.  D.  S.  GRIMES:  Dwarf  apples  are  admissible  in 
crowded  city  lots  where  ornament  rather  than  profit  is  the 
object  mainly  sought.  They  come  into  bearing  early,  but 
are  short-lived. 

VARIETIES  RECOMMENDED  FOR  NORTHERN  COLORADO. 

By  D.  S.  GRIMES. — Summer  Apples :  Red  Astrachan,. 
Duchess  of  Oldenburg,  Saps  of  Wine. 

Fall  Apples  :  Fameuse,  Alexander,  Haas,  Queen. 

Winter  Apples :  Ben  Davis,  Wealthy,  Walbridge,  Mis- 
souri Pippin,  Pewaukee,  Little  Red  Romanite,  Perry  Russet.. 

By  J:  H.  NEWCOMB.— Summer:  Early  Harvest,  Duchess 
of  Oldenburg,  Red  Astrachan,  Tetofski. 

Fall:  Fall  Pippen,  Fall  Wine,  Rambo,  Maiden's  Blush 


Apples.  23 

Winter:  Ben  Davis,  White  Winter  Pearmain,  Wine  Sap, 
Northern  Spy. 

By  M.  N.  EVERETT. — Summer:  Red  Astrachan,  Duchess 
of  Oldenburg,  Early  Harvest,  Queen. 

Fall :  Fameuse,  Autumn  Strawberry,  Tetofski. 

Winter:  Ben  Davis,  Jonathan,  White  Winter  Pearmain. 

By  WILLIAM  LEE.— Summer:  Golden  Sweet,  Duchess 
of  Oldenburg,  Tetofski,  Red  Astrachan. 

Fall:  Summer  Queen,  Pryor's  Sweet,  Maiden's  Blush, 
Fameuse. 

Winter:  Blue  Pearmain,  White  Winter  Pearmain,  Ben 
Davis,  Jonathan. 

By  •  FARMERS'  INSTITUTE,  FORT  COLLINS.  —  Summer  : 
Duchess  of  Oldenburg,  Red  Astrachan. 

Winter:  Ben  Davis,  White  Winter  Pearmain,  Wagnes, 
Jonathan. 

VARIETIES  RECOMMENDED  FOR  SOUTHERN  COLORADO. 

By  JESSE  FRAZIER. — Summer:  Jeffries,  Duchess  of  Old- 
enburg, Early  Harvest,  Red  Astrachan. 

Fall:  Cole's  Quince,  Sweet  Pear,  Jonathan,  Fameuse 
or  Snow  Apple. 

Winter :  Ben  Davis,  Wine  Sap,  Willow  Twig,  Rambo, 
Genitan. 

By  ANSON  RUDD. — Summer :  Red  Astrachan. 

Fall:  Sweet  Pear,  Fall  Pippen. 

Winter :  Willow  Twig,  Genitan,  Ben  Davis. 

By  H.  McALiSTER,  Jr. — Summer :  Duchess  of  Olden- 
burg, Early  Harvest,  Red  Astrachan,  Tetofski. 

Fall:  Fameuse. 

Winter:  Ben  Davis,  Yellow  Transparent,  Wealthy, 
Walbridge,  Pewaukee. 

By  D.  M.  ROSE. — Ben  Davis,  Duchess  of  Oldenburg, 
Horse,  Fameuse,  Early  Harvest,  Red  Astrachan,  Little  Red 
Romanite.  But  any  variety  grown  in  Iowa  or  Illinois  can 
be  grown  in  Colorado. 


24  Fruit  Culture. 

By  W.  A.  HELM. — Genitan,  Winesap,  Red  Astrachan, 
Ben  Davis. 

By  CRAWFORD  &  CHASE. — Yellow  Transparent,  Wealthy, 
Walbridge,  Mclntosh  Red,  Duchess  of  Oldenubrg,  Pewau- 
kee,  Red  Astrachan.- 

A  SUGGESTIVE  LIST  OF  VARIETIES  FOR  A  TWO-ACRE 
ORCHARD  IX  SOUTHERN  COLORADO. 

By  H.  McAosTER,  Jr.  : 
20  Duchess  of  Oldenburg.         5   Pewaukee. 
15  Tetofski.  10  Wealthy. 

10  Yellow  Transparent.  10  Fameuse. 

5   Pringle  Sweet.  5   Ben  Davis. 

10  Red  Astrachan.  5   Little  Red  Romanite. 

5   Mclntosh  Red. 

VARIETIES  LIKELY  TO  BE  SUCCESSFUL. 

Scott's  Winter  and  Magog  Redstreak  come  highly  rec- 
ommended from  Northern  Iowa  ;  also  by  W.  C.  Barry,  of 
New  York,  and  by  Dr.  Hoskins,  of  Vermont,  as  possessing 
the  combined  qualities  of  hardiness  and  productiveness. 

Early  June.  Trees  in  Mr.  E.  B.  Stark's  garden  at  Colo- 
rado Springs  bore  at  an  age  of  five  years.  This  tree  blos- 
soms late  in  the  season.  Mr.  D.  S.  Grimes,  however,  does 
not  recommend  it  for  Northern  Colorado. 

WINTER  APPLES. 

We  are  not  able  to  agree  with  Major  Henry  McAlister, 
who  has  expressed  an  opinion  that  the  people  of  Southern 
Colorado  (or  of  Northern  either)  should  confine  themselves 
to  growing  the  summer  and  fall  varieties,  for  the  reason 
that  the  winter  apple  can  be  so  cheaply  brought  in  from  the 
East.  This  is  the  very  thing  the  people  of  the  State  ought 
to  prevent,  and  so  keep  thousands  of  dollars  from  going 
out  of  the  State  yearly  to  enrich  Missouri,  Michigan,  Iowa, 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  apple-growers.  If  there  was  any 


Apples.  25 

reasonable  doubt  that  winter  apples  could  not  be  grown, 
and  to  a  profit,  the  case  would  be  altered.  As  it  is,  it  is  the 
worst  kind  of  advice  to  give  to  fruit  culturists,  or  to  be 
placed  upon  the  records  of  a  County  Horticultural  Society, 
.and  we  hope  to  see  it  recalled  at  an  early  day. 

THE  APHIS. 

While,  as  yet,  apple  trees  in  Colorado  have  not  been 
troubled  with  insects  to  any  great,  extent,  there  is  no  know- 
ing how  soon  they  may  be  attacked  by  the  Aphis  tribe. 
Hence  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  to  present  the  insect  to 
our  readers,  and  give  the  remedies  recommended,  as  we  find 
them  in  a  treatise  on  insects  injurious  to  fruit  trees,  issued 
by  authority  of  the  California  State  Board  of  Horticultural 
Commissioners. 

The  Woolly  Aphis,  or  Apple  Tree  Aphis,  named  Aphis 
Mali  by  Packard,  and  by  Figuier  Myzoxle  Mali,  is  thus  de- 
scribed :  This  insect  is  of  a  dark,  russet  brown  color,  with 
the  upper  part  of  the  abdomen  covered  with  very  long  white 
down.  This  species  of  aphis,  according  to  M.  Blot,  can 
only  exist  on  the  apple  tree.  Carried  away  and  placed  on 
another  tree  it  soon  perishes.  It  does  not  attack  the  blos- 
som, the  fruit,  nor  the  leaves,  but  fixes  itself  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  trunk,  whence  it  propagates  itself  downwards  as 
far  as  the  roots,  underneath  the  graftings,  etc.  It  also  likes 
to  lodge  in  the  cracks  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches ;  but 
it  generally  looks  out  for  a  southern  and  avoids  a  northern 
.aspect.  It  is  not  active,  walks  very  little,  and  its  dissemin- 
ation from  place  to  place  can  only  be  explained  by  the 
facility  with  which  so  small  an  insect  can  be  transported  by 
the  wind,  its  lightness  being  still  increased  by  the  down 
which  covers  it." 

"The  Mysoxyli  Mali  renders  the  wood  knotty,  dry, 
hard,  brittle,  and  brings  on  rapidly  all  the  symptoms  which 
characterize  old  age  and  decay  in  trees  attacked." 


26  Fruit  Culture. 

REMEDIES  RECOMMENDED. 

M.  Blot,  for  preserving  the  apple  trees  from  this  pest,, 
says  :  Employ  for  the  seed-beds  the  pips  of  bitter  apples, 
only;  give  to  the  nursery  and  to  the  plants  only  as  much 
shelter  as  absolutely  necessary;  avoid  those  sites  which  are 
low  and  damp;  encourage  the  circulation  of  air  and  the 
dessication  of  the  soil ;  surround  the  foot  of  each  apple  tree 
with  a  mixture  of  soot,  tobacco  and  find  sand." 

The  Aphis  has  been  quite  destructive  in  portions  of 
Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  North  Carolina  and  in  the  South.. 
In  Kansas  it  is  reported  as  on  the  increase,  and  we  may 
look  for  it  any  season  in  Colorado.  Says  an  exchange :  In 
the  West,  saponaceous  washes  upon  trunks  and  limbs  (ex- 
posed for  the  purpose)  have  been  found  beneficial.  For 
trees  growing  in  loose  soils  one  correspondent  recommends 
mounding  up  and  packing  earth  around  trunks,  after  apply- 
ing the  soap-suds.  In  North  Carolina  Peruvian  Guano  is 
regarded  as  a  preventive,  both  by  driving  the  insect  away 
and  invigorating  the  tree.  Washes  of  soap  and  Peruvian 
and  other  guanos  are  used  for  the  branch-infesting  form  of 
this  species  quite  successfully. 

DISEASED  OR  SCABBY  TREES. 

Remedy:  J.  S.  Perkey.  If  trees  become  scabby  or  dis- 
eased, wash  them  with  a  weak  solution  of  lye.  It  kills  in- 
sects and  restores  the  tree  to  health. 

THE  APPLE  TREE  BORER. 

The  flat-headed  borer  is  the,  at  present,  dangerous, 
enemy  to  Colorado  orchards.  It  is,  when  a  perfect  insect,, 
a  white  striped  beetle  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,, 
flying  at  night.  It  lays  its  eggs  in  June,  and  the  worm,, 
hatched  from  these  eggs,  eats  into  the  wood,  where,  accord- 
ing to  D.  S.  Grimes,  it  feeds  on  the  soft  outer  layers,  exca- 
vating a  shallow,  round  cell  under  the  bark,  running  up- 
wards or  around  the  tree.  These  cells  are  always  filled  with 


Apples.  27 

worm  dust  crowded  and  compacted  together,  some  of  which 
becomes  crowded  out  through  a  crack  in  the  bark  or  a  hole 
made  by  the  worm.  It  is  by  seeing  this  sawdust-like  pow- 
der protruding  out  of  the  bark  that  we  detect  the  presence 
of  these  borers  in  the  tree."  •  It  feeds  here  for  about  a  year, 
and  has  then  grown  strong  enough  to  attack  the  solid  wood, 
into  which  it  bores  a  cylindrical  hole  three  or  four  inches, 
inclining  upwards-  towards  the  centre  of  the  tree,  and  then 
curving  outwards  until  Its  upper  end  comes  to  the  bark. 
Here  it  makes  its  bed,  to  repose  in  during  its  pupa  state. 
Shortly  afterward  it  reaches  the  winged  state  and  crawls  out 
of  the  tree. 

Remedies  must  be  applied  early.  At  first  the  insect 
may  be  cu£  out  with  the  point  of  a  knife.  If  deep  in  the 
wood  it  may  be  punched  to  death  in  its  hole  by  a  flexible 
wire.  To  prevent  the  insect  from  laying  its  eggs  in  the  bark, 
apply  a  wash  of  strong  soap-suds  and  flour  of  sulphur 
towards  the  end  of  spring  and  early  summer ;  repeat  the 
operation  if  the  rains  wash  this  off. 

Says  D.  L.  Tracy,  of  Longmont :  The  best  remedy 
against  the  borer  is  good  soap-suds  with  a  good  stout  cloth 
to  rub  with.  Rub  the  body  and  limbs  until  they  shine,  at 
least  once  a  week. 


THE  CHERRY. 


TTT  one  of  the  meetings  of  the  El  Paso  County  Horticul- 
/  tural  Society,  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1882,  the 
subject  for  discussion  was  the  cherry,  based  upon  a  paper 
read  by  R.  T.  Crawford,  Esq.,  of  Colorado  Springs.  This 
paper  we  give  in  full,  for  the  reason  that  but  little  attention 
has  thus  far  been  given  to  the  culture  of  this  fruit  in  Colo- 
rado, and  hence  little  is  known  as  to  the  adaptability  of  our 
climate  to  its  successful  growth: 

"  The  common  cherry  tree  (prunus  cerasus)  is  of  Asiatic 
origin,  and  is,  I  think,  a  native  of  Persia.  It  was  introduced 
from  there  to  Italy  about  seventy  years  before  Christ,  and 
about  1 20  years  afterwards  was  introduced  into  Great  Britain. 
It  is  now  extensively  cultivated  in  the  temperate  regions  of 
Europe  and  America.  There  are  a  great  many  different 
varieties.  Over  three  hundred  are  now  reckoned  in  the 
various  catalogues,  many  of  which  are  worthless  for  culti- 
vation compared  with  the  new  and  improved  sorts.  The 
branches  are  spreading,  horizontal  or  slightly  inclining  up- 
ward in  the  larger  class  of  trees,  and  dropping  in  the  smaller 
ones.  They  are  generally  divided  by  nurserymen  into  two 
classes,  the  Hearts  and  Bigarreaus,  or  sweet  cherries,  and 
the  Dukes  and  Morellos,  or  sour  ones.  The  former  are 
strong  vigorous  growers  with  large  leaves,  and  grow  into 
large  spreading  heads  or  tops,  and  are  best  suited  for  the 
purpose  of  shade.  They  produce  large  heart-shaped  sweet 
fruit,  varying  in  color  from  a  light  yellow  to  a  dark  purple. 

The  Dukes  and  Morellos  are  of  a  slow  growth,  and  do 
not  even  attain  so  large  a  size,  but  are  much  more  hardy 


The  Cherry.  29- 

and  less  liable  to  become  injured  by  bursting  of  the  bark,, 
and  generally  produce  bright  and  round  acid  fruit-  This  is 
the  class  that  is  so  much  esteemed  for  cooking  purposes.. 
On  dry  soils  this  class 'of  cherries  is  considered  one  of  the 
most  profitable  fruits  grown. 

"  The  cherry  will  thrive  best  on  a  dry  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil,  and  'tis  there  it  will  attain  its  greatest  perfection;  but 
it  does  well  in  almost  any  situation  excepting  a  wet  one.  I 
consider  it  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of  all  fruit  trees, 
which,  with  its  delicious  fruit,  beauty  and  shade,  makes  it 
very  desirable  for  planting  near  dwellings  where  all  three  of 
these  objects  are  so  much  sought  for.  The  cherry  is  best 
propagated  by  grafting  on  seedings  of  the  wild  cherry,  of 
which  there  are  several  varieties,  most  of  which  are  too  well 
known  to  describe  (the  choke  cherry,  for  instance).  The 
wood  is  much  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cabinet  ware. 

"Although  both  classes  are  successfully  grown  in  the 
eastern  states,  I  find  that  the  Duke  and  Morello  class  are 
best  adapted  to  the  soil,  climate  and  altitude  of  Colorado,, 
although  I  know  of  several  trees  of  the  large  class  growing 
on  our  town  site.  They  are,  however  in  sheltered  positions, 
and  receive  more  than  ordinary  care.  We  have  on  our 
place  somewhat  over  seventy-five  trees  growing,  all  of  the 
Morello  class,  and  all  composed  of  but  two  varieties  which 
I  consider  the  most  profitable  and  reliable,  viz :  Early  Rich- 
mond and  Mt  Morency.  There  are  several  others  of  this 
class  that  I  am  satisfied  will  do  well  here,  as  Reine  Hortense, 
Belle  Magnifique,  May  Duke,  Late  Duke.  These  are  all 
hardy  and  similar  in  growth.  I  am  much  pleased  with  the 
growth,  averaging  at  least  three  feet  in  a  season  and  re- 
markably healthy  and  free  from  blemish.  I  do  not  consider 
the  Heart  and  Bigarreau  class  safe  to  plant  here  yet,  although 
I  believe  the  time  will  come  when  they  can  be  successfully 
grown,  for  I  believe  that  here,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, as  civilization  advances  and  trees  are  planted,  the  climate 
will  undergo  a  change  more  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the 


30  Fruit  Culture. 

tenderer  varieties  of  fruit.  I  do  not  consider  that  the  cherry 
requires  much  pruning  after  the  first  two  seasons,  nor  then 
unless  it  be  to  form  the  branches  into  low  and  spreading 
heads ;  afterward  an  occasional  cutting  out  of  any  cross 
branches  is  all  that  is  necessary.  The  best  to  transplant 
are  two-year  old  trees,  and  they  are  usually  from  four  to  six 
feet  in  height. 

"  I  find,  however,  that  some  parties  here  have  not  met 
with  success  in  making  their  cherry  trees  bear.  The  diffi- 
culty lies  in  forcing  their  growth  by  application  of  fertilizers 
and  wrater,  thus  causing  a  luxuriant  growth  of  wood  and 
foliage,  which  prevents  the  formation  of  fruit  buds.  After 
your  tree  has  attained  bearing  size,  cease  cultivating  for 
awhile  and  thus  check  the  growth,  and  you  will  find  that 
they  will  bear  you  good  crops. 

"  From  my  own  experience  and  observations  I  consider 
the  following  varieties  best  adapted  to  our  section  and  best 
to  plant.  The  two  first-named  are  much  superior  in  size 
and  quality  to  the  others :  Mt.  Morency,  Early  Richmond, 
.May  Duke,  Reine  Hortense,  Late  Duke,  English  Morello." 

In  the  discussion  that  followed  the  article,  Mr.  Parsons 
said  that  the  cherry  tree,  as  a  rule,  was  not  as  hardy  as  other 
fruit  trees. 

Messrs.  Hogue,  Crawford,  Snyder  and  others  present 
said  that  they  thought  the  severity  of  last  winter  should 
not  discourage  the  planting  of  cherries,  as  the  winter  was 
an  unusually  hard  one  on  all  fruit  trees. 

It  was  generally  agreed  that  too  much  water  was  the 
ill  that  many  cherries  suffered  from ;  that  they  needed  only 
about  as  much  water  as  the  grape. 

Mr.  Crawford  said  that  after  cherry  trees  were  in  full 
bearing  he  thought  they  should  be  cultivated  very  little. 

In  a  communication  to  the  Denver  Times,  Mr.  D.  S. 
Grimes  comments  as  follows  upon  Cherry  Culture  in  Colo- 
rado :  "  Many  varieties  of  the  cherry,  pear  and  plum  succeed 
better  in  Colorado  than  they  do  in  the  western  states  bor- 


The  Cherry.  3 1 

dering  on  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  original  stock  of 
the  cherry,  now  multiplied  by  hundreds,  was  from  the  dry 
regions  of  continental  Asia — a  country  similar  in  many 
respects  to  our  own.  The  Lieb  Cherry,  now  found  as  hardy 
as  a  crab  apple,  was  brought  to  this  country  from  the  Hartz 
Mountains  in  Europe,  an  interior  region  near  the  fifty-second 
parallel  of  north  latitude. 

It  is  a  waste  of  time  and  money  to  plant  the  Hart,  a 
sweet  cherry,  in  the  north.  The  Dukes  are  reasonably- 
hardy,  of  rapid  growth,  and  sometimes  bear  fair  crops  of 
fruit.  The  Early  Richmond  is  regarded  by  the  entire  fruit- 
growing fraternity,  as  the  one  indispensable  cherry. 

The  English  Morello  is  rather  a  slow  grower,  but  on 
this  account  seems  hardy  as  an  oak.  It  comes  into  bearing 
the  earliest  of  all,  frequently  producing  fruit  the  same  sea- 
son it  is  planted  in  the  orchard.  It  ripens  its  fruit  two 
weeks  later  than  the  Early  Richmond,  is  of  larger  size, 
quite  acid,  firm  in  flesh,  less  juicy  than  the  Richmond,  and 
on  the  latter  account  infinitely  better  for  canning  than  the 
latter.  The  color  of  the  fruit  is  glossy  red,  almost  black, 
very  handsome  indeed.  For  the  market  it  proves  very 
salable  and  profitable,  bearing  transportation  well.  For 
some  reason,  probably  on  account  of  its  acidity,  the  Eng- 
lish Morello  is  nearly  free  from  the  depredations  of  the 
birds. 

Any  one  having  the  early  Richmond,  English  Morello 
and  Lieb,  a  Plum  Stone  Morello,  in  his  fruit  garden,  is  as 
well  supplied  as  the  conditions  of  our  climate,  summer  and 
winter,  will  permit. 

Cherries,  says  Mr.  Grimes,  should  be  budded  on  the 
Mahalel  stock.  This  stock  dwarfs  the  tree  and  does  not 
sprout,  comes  into  bearing  third  year  from  bud,  while  those 
on  the  Mazzard  stock  commence  fruiting  in  six  years,  and 
on  the  Morello  stock'  in  eight  to  ten  years.  The  latter 
sprouts  from  the  roots  badly: 

J.  W.  Cook  says  that  the  cherries  belonging  to  the 


32  Fruit  Culture. 

Morello  family  universally  do  well  in  Colorado.-  About 
every  house  there  should  be  at  least  a  few  trees  of  this 
delicious  fruit. 

Jesse  Frazier  has  succeeded  well  with  the  Early  Rich- 
mond and  the  English  Morello.  A  sweet  cherry,  known 
as  the  Governor  Wood,  has  given  fruit,  but  he  does  not 
think  it  a  success  sufficient  to  recommend  it.  Mr.  D.  S. 
Grimes,  however,  places  it  on  his  list  of  leading  varieties. 

Says  Mr.  A.  N.  Hoag:  My  cherry  trees  are  from  one  to 
six  years  old.  The  .little  sour  Morello  stands  the  climate 
very  well.  They  require  mulching,  to  keep  them  back  in 
the  spring.  Some  of  my  trees  are  five  inches  through  and 
ten  to  twelve  inches  high.  The  trees  have  borne  for  three 
years. 

W.  A.  Nelson  does  not  believe  that  any  of  the  sweet 
varieties  will  succeed  in  Colorado.  Has  the  Early  Rich- 
mond in  bearing.  Birds  take  all  the  fruit,  he  says,  anyway. 

The  following  are  recommended  by  D.  S.  Grimes : 
Early  Richmond.  English  Morello. 

Lieb  Montmorency.  May  Duke. 

Governor  Wood. 

He  adds:  Rich  soil  and  constant  irrigation  are  destruction 
to  cherry  trees..  They  will  not  bear  high  feeding  or  too 
much  water. 

D.  M.  Rose :  I  have  cherry  trees  eight  years  old  and 
bearing  excellent  fruit.  The  varieties  are  Early  Richmond 
and  the  English  Morello. 


INTRODUCED  AND  FOR  SALE  BY 

WM.  PARRY, 

PARRY  P.O.,  N.J 


Ctu'tbirt.lith.  afi 


PEARS. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

OAID  D.  S.  Grimes,  in  one  of  his  valuable  contributions 
to  the  literature  of  Colorado  Horticulture:  "The  culti- 
vation of  the  pear,  although  much  neglected  here  in  Colo- 
rado, appears  in  every  particular  well  adapted  to  our  pecu- 
liar soil  and  climate.  Not  one  case  of  blight,  which  is  the 
bane  to  pear  culture  almost  everywhere,  has  yet  come  under 
our  observation  *  *  *  *  The  dwarf  pear  is  coming 
rapidly  into  favor.  It  requires  but  little  room,  comes  into 
bearing  early,  and  will  live  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  •  The 
term  "dwarf,"  by  which  pears  on  the  quince  root  are  usually 
called,  conveys  to  some  minds  an  erroneous  impression.  It 
is  true  the  tree  is  dwarfed  somewhat  by  the  influence  of 
the  stock,  and  thus  early  introduction  is  induced,  but  the 
trees  are  not  necessarily  stunted  nor  very  small,  for  the 
trunk  not  infrequently  attains  a  circumference  of  fifteen  or 
twenty  inches.  Coal  ashes  thrown  around  pear  trees  is 
found  beneficial  to  their  health  and  vigor." 

The  following  suggestions  are  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Newcomb : 
"The  pear  in  the  eastern  states  and  California  is  considered 
to  be  fully  as,  or  more  reliable,  than  the  apple.  It  has  been 
fruited  here,  but  not  as  extensively  as  the  apple.  I  most 
heartily  recommend  everyone  that  is  contemplating  plant- 
ing orchards  to  at  least  plant  a  few  pears.  That  if  success- 
ful it  will  bring  more  money  than  any  other  fruit  raised,  as 
California  is  where  most  of  our  pears  are  shipped  from  that 
appear  in  our  market,  and  six  cents  per  pound  freight  is  a 
pretty  good  protective  tariff  for  us.  The  first  winter  is 

•3 


34  Fruit  Culture. 

where  the  great  danger  to  our  trees  lie.  I  would  advise  the 
planting  of  pears  on  high,  dry  ground,  early  in  the  spring; 
cultivate  and  work ;  give  them  a  vigorous  start  early  in  the 
season.  Do  not  work  among  them  later  than  July,  so  they 
can  go  into  winter  quarters  with  well  ripened,  matured 
wood.  Do  not  manure  around  them  at  all,  as  our  ground 
is  generally  rich  enough  for  any  tree.  Late  irrigating  must 
be  done  if  required.  If  the  weeds  are  too  bad,  pull  them 
by  hand  rather  than  plow  late  in  the  season.  Wrapping  the 
trunks  of  the  trees  in  November  in  gunny  sacks,  not  too 
thick,  just  enough  to  keep  them  on  and  the  sun  from  scald- 
ing them,  I  think  beneficial." 

Some  one,  whose  name  we  cannot  recall,  has  said  that 
"pears  will  grow  as  well  as  cottonwoods.  I  have  not  lost 
one  out  of  twenty-five.  A  horse  ate  one  to  the  roots  three 
times,  but  it  grew  up  each  time." 

More  attention  has  been  paid  to  pear  culture  in  South- 
ern Colorado  than  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State;  still 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  their  success  north  of  the  Divide 
than  there  is  to  doubt  that  of  the  apple.  Pear  trees  at 
Greeley  have  been  fruited  for  several  year.s.  Mr.  A.  E. 
Gipson  writes  that  they  give  promise  of  being  a  marked 
success  in  the  valley  of  the  Cache  la  Poudre;  and  if  there, 
there  is  no  valley  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain ranges  where  they  may  not  be  grown. 

VARIETIES  RECOMMENDED  FOR  NORTHERN  COLORADO. 

BY  D.  S.  GRIMES:  Bartlett,  Clapp's  Favorite,  Flemish 
Beauty,  Louise,  Seckel,  l^onne  de  Jersey,  Lawrence  and 
Vicar. 

BY  A.  E.  GIPSON  :  Flemish  Beauty,  Duchess,  Bartlett. 

BY  J.  H.  NEWCOMB:  Bartlett,  Lawrence,  Vicar,  Flemish 
Beauty,  Clapp's  Favorite,  Duchess,  Seckel,  Buffum,  Brandy- 
wine,.  Louise,  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

BY  M.  N.  EVERETT  :  Louise,  Bonne  de  Jersey. 


Pears.  3  5 

The  following  list  may  safely  be  accepted  as  safe,  with 
our  present  knowledge  of  Colorado  : 

Slimmer — Bartlett,  Clapp's  Favorite,  Osborne  Summer. 

Fall — Flemish  Beauty,  Louise,  Bonne  de  Jersey,  Buerre 
d'  Anjou,  Duchess  de  Angouleme,  Seckel. 

Winter — Lawrence,  Winter  Nellie,  and  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field. 

SOUTHERN  COLORADO. 

The  following  opinions  are  by  residents  of  Southern 
Colorado: 

W.  A.  HELM  :  I  do  not  doubt  the  final  success  of  this 
delicious  fruit  in  the  Arkansas  Valley,  if  not  elsewhere.  I 
have  fruited  for  six  years  the  Duchess,  Bartlett  and  Quince 
pear. 

JESSE  FRAZIER:  I  have  sixty  or  seventy  pear  trees, 
some  planted  as  long  ago  as  1868,  having  trunks  ten  inches 
in  diameter.  I  have  one  pear,  the  name  of  which  I  do  not 
know,  which  is  of  small  size,  is  a  rapid  grower,  prolific 
bearer,  and  early  maturer,  ripening  the  last  of  July.  • 

D.  M.  ROSE:  I  have  had  very  good  success  in  growing 
pears,  and  I  regard  Colorado  as  well  suited  to  this  fruit.  I 
have  raised  bushels  of  pears  of  the 'standard  kind.  I  pre- 
fer the  Flemish  Beauty  to  most  others,  as  it  has  long,  slen- 
der limbs  and  ripens  its  wood  better  than  the  Bartlett  and 
some  other  varieties.  Still  I  have  had  good  crops  of  Bart- 
letts,  though  some  of  this  variety  have  winter-killed  with 
me. 

R.  T.  CRAWFORD  :  Pears  do  not  do  well  on  very  sandy 
soil.  They  need  a  clay  soil.  I  would  recommend  the  fol- 
lowing varieties :  Lawrence,  Sheldon,  Flemish  Beauty,  Win- 
ter Nellie. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  El  Paso  Horticultural  Society, 
dwarf  pears  were  deemed  unworthy  of  attention ;  they  would 
not  do  well,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  bark  of  dwarf  fruit 
trees  was  thin  and  did  not  winter  well. 


36  Fruit  Culture. 

BLIGHT. 

Although  at  one  time,  as  quoted  at  the  head  of  this 
article-,  Mr.  D.  S.  Grimes  said  that  no  case  of  blight  had 
come  under  his  observation,  still  we  understand  that  the 
pear  has  already  suffered  from  blight  in  Colorado,  and  Mr. 
Grimes  has  remarked,  "  of  pears  thus  far  untouched  by 
blight  I  have  observed  the  Seckel,  Flemish  Beauty,  La 
Bonne  de  Jersey,  and  Lawrence,"  thus  acknowledging  its 
presence  in  some  other  varieties. 

Blight  is  a  disease  that  spreads  rapidly,  and  unless  all 
limbs  so  affected  are  cut  off  at  once  and  buried  or  burned, 
the  whole  tree  is  shortly  affected  and  soon  killed.  Trees 
with  a  northern  and  a  southern  exposure  are  alike  affected. 
Blight  usually  strikes  the  tree  while  in  full  leaf  and  vigor, 
causing  the  leaves  and  bark  on  certain  branches  to  turn 
suddenly  black  and  wither. 

DESCRIPTIVE  LIST. 
SUMMER. 

Bartlett — One  of  the  finest  summer  pears  known.  Large 
size  ;  clear  yellow,  with  often  a  beautiful  blush  next  the  sun ; 
tree  a  strong  grower,  bearing  early  and  abundantly.  Very 
popular.  August  and  September. 

Brandywine — Tree  vigorous,  upright  and  productive; 
fruit  medium  size ;  yellowish  green,  somewhat  russeted ; 
juicy,  melting,  sugary  and  vinous.  August  and  September. 

Osbands  Summer — Tree  moderately  vigorous,  an  early 
and  prolific  bearer ;  fruit  medium,  roundish ;  clear  yellow  ; 
juicy,  melting,  with  a  rich,  sugary  flavor.  August. 

Clapp's  Favorite,  Madeline  and  others. 
AUTUMN. 

Buffum — Medium  size  ;  yellow,  somewhat  covered  with 
reddish  brown  and  russet ;  buttery,  sweet  and  excellent.  A 
stout  and  upright  grower. 

Belle  Lucrative — Medium  size  ;  pale  yellowish  green  ; 


Pears.  37 

very  delicious,  rich,  melting  ;  tree  strong  grower  and  good 
bearer. 

Burre  de  Anjou — Large,  noble;  russety  fruit,  of  excel- 
lent quality ;  one  of  the  best ;  tree  upright ;  hardy  and  pro- 
ductive ;  large,  yellow  and  brown;  juicy,  good.  Sep- 
tember. 

Flemish  Beauty — Tree  hardy ;  bears  early  and  abund- 
antly ;  fruit  large ;  pale  yellow  with  red  cheek ;  strong 
grower  and  good  bearer;  does  well  everywhere.  Septem- 
ber. 

Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey — Large;  yellow  and  red;  juicy, 
buttery  and  melting;  excellent;  vigorous  grower  and  im- 
mense bearer.  A  fine  variety,  either  as  standard  or  dwarf. 
September.  - 

Seckel — This  is  one  of  the  best  and  highest  flavored 
pears  grown.  Small ;  rich  yellowish  brown ;  productive, 
healthy,  but  slow  grower.  September. 

Sheldon — Medium  to  large;  skin  yellowish  russet, with 
a  richly  shaded  cheek;  flesh  a  little  coarse;  melting,  juicy, 
with  a  brisk,  highly  perfumed  flavor.  A  very  excellent  and 
promising  variety ;  tree  a  fine  grower,  and  productive.  Sep- 
tember. 

WINTER. 

Lawrence — Above  medium  ;  yellow,  thickly  dotted  ; 
with  a  very  rich  fine  flavor ;  one  of  the  best ;  tree  a  mode- 
rate grower,  but  very  productive.  October  to  November. 

Vicar  of  Wakefield — Large,  long,  beautiful  and  good  ; 
not  first  quality,  but  desirable  for  its  productiveness ;  tree 
hardy  and  a  vigorous  grower.  November  to  January. 

SUGGESTIONS— NEW  PEARS. 

Prof.  J.  L.  Budd,  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College,  has 
been  experimenting  for  the  last  few  years  with  a  number  of 
Oriental  pears.  These  were  obtained  from  Russia,  but  their 
original  home  was  in  North-Western  China.  The  winter 
of  1881-82  was  one  of  unparalleled  severity  in  Iowa,  hence 


38  Fruit  Culture. 

the  test  of  these  new  pears  was  a  severe  one.  The  variety 
known  as  Sha-Li,  or  Sand  Pear,  Prof.  Budd  does  not  think 
will  endure  the  ordinary  winters  of  the  West.  The  Pe-Li, 
or  Snow  Pear,  however,  he  is  of  the  opinion  will  stand  our 
summers  and  winters  as  well  as  do  the  Russian  apples.  He 
says  of  the  Snow  Pear:  "The  Hon.  S.  W.  Williams,  of 
Salem,  Mass.,  and  others  who  have  spent  several  years  in 
North-Western  China,  assure  us  that  the  varieties  of  the 
Snow  Pear  are  globular,  white  and  juicy,  and  are  generally 
regarded  as  the  best  fruits  of  the  country.  The  varieties 
we  have  seen  are  very  upright  in  growth,  and  their  leaves 
are  nearly  as  large  and  thick  as  those  of  the  Sand  Pear. 
The  surfaces  of  the  young  leaves,  buds  and  branches  are 
tomentose,  and  show  traces  of  silken  threads  or  hairs.  It 
has  been  claimed  that  William  R.  Prince  grew  seedlings  of 
the  Snow  Pear  and  disseminated  them  fifty  or  more  years 
ago.  This  may  be  true,  but  no  specimens  I  have  seen  have 
any  resemblance  to  the  true  Snow  Pear,  such  as  we  have 
from  Moscow  and  the  leaves  which  we  have  received  from 
Pekin.  I  have  much  faith  in  this  pear,  which  is  common  in 
nearly  all  parts  of  Northern  Europe  and  Asia." 

Prof.  Budd  also  mentions  a  variety  called  Kuang-Li, 
or  Strawberry  Pear,  from  its  flavor,  which  resembles  that 
berry.  It  is  thought  that  this  is  the  original  type  from 
which  the  Bergamots  have  descended.  He  does  not,  how- 
ever, consider  them  as  promising  as  the  Snow  Pears. 

Mr.  James  S.  Springle,  of  the  Province  of  Quebec,  in 
a  paper  on  Pear  Culture  in  that  extremely  cold  region,  gives 
the   following  as  a  relative   list  of   hardy  pears,  and  his 
opinion  is  concurred  in  by  Downing,  Thomas  and  Barry : 
Doyeune  Boussock.  Buerre  de  Anjou. 

Oswigo  Buerre.  Buerre  de  Capiamont. 

The  third  has  already  been  tested  in  Colorado  and  accepted 
as  a  favorite  autumn  pear.  It  might  be  that  the  others 
named  would  also  suit  our  conditions  of  climate  and  cul- 
ture. A  writer  in^the  Maine  Farmer,  commenting  on  this 


Pears.  39 

list,  adds  to  it,  in  addition  to  Clapp's  Favorite  and  Flemish 
Beauty,  well  tested  here,  two  newer  kinds,  the  St.  Ghistam 
and  Onondaga. 

KeiefTr's  Hybrid  Pear,  of  which  we  give  an  illustration, 
is  a  seedling  from  the  Sha-Li,  or  Sand  Pear,  and  the  Bart- 
lett.  At  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  a  prize  medal  was 
awarded  the  originator  for  producing  a  pear  "of  remarkable 
excellence,  giving  promise  of  great  value."  The  fruit  is 
large,  measuring  ten  to  sixteen  inches  around,  weighing 
from  ten  to  eighteen  ounces,  and  very  uniform  in  size.  Color, 
greenish-yellow,  some  russet;  flesh  white,  buttery,  juicy . 
quality,  good ;  season,  October.  It  does  not  rot  until  very 
ripe,  and  remains  firm  at  the  core  to  the  last.  They  bear 
shipment  as  well  as  apples.  The  cut  shown  was  made  from 
a  specimen  measuring  twelve  inches  in  circumference  and 
weighing  eighteen  ounces.  It  is  believed  that  they  are 
never  affected  by  blight.  We  suggest  their  trial  as  being 
suited  to  our  climate. 


PEACHES. 


PEACHES  in  Colorado?  Well,  not  yet.  On  the  eastern 
side  of  the  range  for  fifteen  years  lovers  of  this  delicious 
fruit  have  tried  and  tried,  and  failed  and  failed,  save  here  and 
there,  in  rare  instances,  a  tree  has  been  guarded  and  tended 
as  though  it  was  an  exotic. 

We  well  remember  our  enthusiasm  regarding  peaches 
when  we  first  settled  in  Colorado.  In  our  Greeley  garden 
there  were  peach  trees  as  well  as  other  fruit  trees  planted 
the  first  season.  We  do  not  remember  the  variety,  but  that 
summer  they  made  a  wonderful  growth  of  slender  limbs,, 
and  the  prospect  seemed  fair  that  the  trees  would  thrive. 
The  succeeding  winter  was  exceptionally  cold ;  those  who 
were  here  in  1870-71  will  remember  it.  There  lay  snow  on 
the  ground  in  the  valley  of  the  Cache  la  Poudre  for  ninety 
days.  When  the  warm  spring  sun  came  to  tempt  the  cot- 
tonwoods  to  their  emerald  robing,  day  after  day  we  watched 
the  peach  trees,  looking  for  the  coming  of  the  welcome  pink 
blossoms  so  familiar  to  childhood's  days.  Did  they  come?1 
Bare  and  brown  through  the  bright  spring  days  the  branches 
stood  and  never  a  flow  of  sap  came  up  into  them  from  the 
roots. 

"  Winter-killed,"  said  dear  Father  Meeker,  as  he  looked 
at  them  one  April  morning.  Yes,  that  was  the  story. 
Later,  new  shoots  came  up  in  bewildering  profusion  and  that 
second  summer  our  peach  bushes  grew  rank.  But  the  suc- 
ceeding winter  killed  them  down  again,  and  we  came  to  the 
discouraging  couclusion  that  peach  culture  in  Colorado- 
would  never  be  a  brilliant  success. 


Peaches.  41 

This  was  ten  or  twelve  years  ago,  and,  unless  the  new 
fruit  region  in  Grand  Valley,  on  the  western  border  of  our 
State,  of  which  we  are  beginning  to  hear  praises  and  to 
which  enthusiastic  fruit  growers  are  turning  their  attention, 
should  prove  more  kindly  than  have  the  valleys  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  range,  we  must  still  look  elsewhere  for 
peaches. 

Still,  let  us  hear  those  who  have  had  more  or  less  ex- 
perience, though  the  number  is  but  few.  We  may  say  that 
we  are  only  on  the  border-land  of  experiment  with  the 
peach,  and  the  day  may  come  when  its  culture  will  be  as 
easy  as  is  that  of  the  potato. 

George  W.  Webster,  of  the  St.  Vrain  Valley,  thinks 
peaches  cannot  be  successfully  raised  in  Colorado,  on  ac- 
count of  the  trouble  required  to  cultivate  and  care  for  them. 
He  says :  "  If  you  keep  them  trimmed  low,  pack  straw  in 
between  the  limbs  in  winter  time,  and  then  tie  a  rope  around 
the  tree  so  as  to  keep  the  straw  from  blowing  away,  then, 
perhaps,  you  may  raise  peaches.  But  this  takes  more  time 
and  trouble  than  the  peaches  are  worth.  Some  day  we  may 
find  a  hardy  kind  that  will  do.  Our  climate  is  changing; 
has  changed  much  since  I  came  here,  and  may  change  so 
peach-raising  will  be  easy  and  profitable." 

This,  it  will  be  seen,  is  not  encouraging.  In  Southern 
Colorado,  in  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas,  they  are  likely  to 
grow,  if  anywhere  on  the  eastern  slope.  We  have  visited 
various  gardens  and  orchards  in  this  valley,  and  have  seen 
peach  trees;  but  they  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  in  a 
thriving  condition.  In  the  garden  of  Mr.  Anson  Rudd  we 
found  quite  a  number  growing,  and  questioning  him  as  to 
varieties  found  that  they  were  mainly  seedlings.  He  had 
twelve  varieties,  all  apparently  doing  well ;  some  had  fruited. 
He  favored  starting  from  seed,  rather  than  introducing  young 
trees,  believing  that  they  will  acclimate  better  and  not  win- 
ter-kill so  readily.  He  found  the  trouble  to  be  this:  the 
late  warm  fall  weather  brings  out  the  peach  buds,  develop- 


42  Fruit  Culture. 

ing  them  to  such  an  extent  that  they  become  frozen  later 
in  the  season.  Still,  he  thinks  that  peaches  will  average 
with  the  Middle  States,  and  should  be  given  more  attention 
in  Colorado. 

Mr.  D.  M.  Rose,  in  the  Fontaine  qui  Bouille  Valley,  a 
few  miles  south  of  Colorado  Springs,  has  some  fifty  trees  on 
his  place,  entirely  seedlings ;  some  of  these  have  fruited  for 
the  last  four  years,  producing  very  good  peaches. 

Mr.  D.  S.  Grimes  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Newcomb  give  each  a 
list  of  varieties  probably  adapted  to  our  climate  ;  but  as  there 
are  only  three  named  by  both,  we  hardly  think  it  will  be 
safe  to  name  the  entire  list.  The  three  they  agree  upon  are 
Hale's  Early,  Crawford's  Early  and  Crawford's  Late. 


PLUMS. 


TT  is  not  generally  known,"  said  D.  S.  Grimes,  in  an  article 
on  the  Fruits  and  Flowers  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  pub- 
lished last  year,  "  that  the  largest  fruit  of  the  native  or  wild 
plum  is  found  growing  in  the  mountains  and  valleys  of 
Colorado  and  Wyoming.  Since  we  first  came  to  this  coun- 
try ten  years  ago,  our  attention  has  been  often  directed  to 
the  superior  quality  of  both  natural  and  cultivated  fruits. 
Many  varieties  of  the  wild  plum  found  here  are  inferior  and 
unworthy,  but  once  in  a  while  we  find  among  these  inferior 
kinds  one  that  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice.  In  the 
valleys  of  the  Arkansas,  Platte,  Boulder  and  St.  Vrain,  we 
have  seen  varieties  of  purple-red  and  yellow  plums  double 
the  size  of  the  Wild  Goose  or  Miner,  with  small  seed,  firm 
rich  flesh,  apparently  filling  the  bill  of  this  delicious  fruit, 
plum  full. 

"  In.  our  wanderings  along  the  upper  Arkansas  we  came 
upon  a  variety  of  the  plum  differing  widely  from  anything 
we  have  ever  before  seen  or  heard  of.  This  plum  was  very 
large,  roundish,  the  skin  smooth  but  spotted  with  bright  red 
and  yellow  spots.  In  this  group  were  eleven  trees.  The 
parent  or  largest  tree,  measuring  six  inches  in  diameter,  and 
about  eight  feet  in  height.  The  branches  of  all  the  trees  in 
this  group  put  on  a  pendulent  drooping  or  weeping  charac- 
ter. Whether  this  drooping  of  the  limbs  was  owing  to  the 
bearing  of  heavy  crops  of  fruit,  the  altitude  or  was  the  nat- 
ural growth  of  the  tree  we  are  unable  to  say,  the  tree 


44  Fruit  Culture. 

being  a  dwarf  with  a  symmetrical  and  weeping  head  laden 
with  rich,  ripe,  spotted  fruit  as  we  saw  it.  Could  it  be  trans- 
ferred from  its  alpine  home  and  retain  these  peculiar  char- 
acteristics, it  would,  indeed,  be  a  valuable  acquisition  to 
horticulture.  The  time  will  come  when  the  origin  of  some 
of  our  finest  fruits  and  flowers  will  be  traced  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  The  famous  Weaver  Plum — first  found  grow- 
ing near  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa — was  doubtless  carried  there 
from  the  Black  Hills  by  the  Indians.  The  same  variety  is 
found  in  several  localities  near  Custer  City  and  Dead- 
wood." 

Plums,  therefore,  are  natives  of  our  country,  growing 
wild  among  the  mountains  and  among  the  foothills,  but 
notwithstanding  this  fact,  the  old  settler  as  well  as  the  ten- 
derfoot seems  to  question  the  practicability  of  raising  plums 
here.  It  makes  but  little  difference  with  the  plum  whether 
the  soil  is  rich  or  poor,  wet  or  dry,  cold  or  hot.  It  will 
stand  more  neglect  and  exposure  and  do  better  than  any 
other  tree.  The  only  difficulty  experienced  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  plum  is  the  curculio.  The  depredations  of  this 
pest  make  the  foreign  varieties  often  unprofitable. 

The  Miner,  Wild  Goose,  Weaver  and  Lombard  are  of 
the  Chickasaw,  or  native  varieties,  and  are  seldom  troubled 
with  the  curculio.  There  are  remedies,  however,  for  the  de- 
struction of  this  enemy  of  the  plum,  as  well  as  for  other 
insects  injurious  to  fruit  culture. 

The  following  is  by  R.  T.  Crawford,  in  an  address  be- 
fore the  El  Paso  Horticultural  Society  at  a  meeting  when 
the  plum  was  the  subject  of  discussion : 

"  Plum  growing  in  Colorado  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy, 
although  in  some  sections  of  the  State  there  are  many  trees 
in  bearing.  It  attains  its  greatest  perfection  here,  as  it  is 
entirely  free  from  disease,  and  the  curculio  has  never  made 
its  appearance. 

"  I  do  not  think  that  all  varieties  can  be  grown  here  in 


Plums.  45 

El  Paso  County,  but  am  convinced  that  the  hardier  sorts 
can,  such  as  the  Lombard,  Gueye,  Yellow  Egg,  Wild  Goose 
and  Miner.  The  last  two  are  improved  varieties  of  the 
Chickasaw,  or  wild  plum. 

"  I  am  most  favorably  impressed  with  the  Lombard, 
having  some  twenty  fine  trees  growing  on  our  place.  These 
are  perfectly  free  from  blemish,  thebark  looking  as  if  it  had 
been  rubbed  and  varnished,  and  the  growth  has  been  rapid 
and  exceedingly  healthy.  I  think  they  will  pass  through  the 
winter  uninjured.  There  are  several  parties  who  have 
planted  the  cultivated  sorts  and  they  are  doing  well,  but 
know  of  none  that  have  yet  fruited,  the  Lombard  and  the 
Gueye  being  the  principal  varieties.  Of  the  native  plums 
there  are  many  trees  in  bearing  here.  The  fruit  of  some  is 
said  to  be  very  fine.  While  I  would  not  recommend  the 
tender  sorts  for  this  climate,  I  unhesitatingly  recommend 
the  Lombard  and  Gueye,  of  the  improved  sorts,  and  almost 
any  of  the  natives  that  are  worthy  of  cultivation,  as  being 
safe  to  plant  here,  and  would  say  to  all  fruit  growers  plant 
the  Lombard  first  of  all  for  vigor  of  growth,  hardiness  and 
productiveness." 

Says  J.  H.  NEWCOMB:  "The  plum  attains  its  greatest 
perfection  here,  being  entirely  free  from  disease.  The  cur- 
culio,  that  dreaded  foe  of  the  East,  has  never  made  its  ap- 
pearance with  us.  The  plum,  as  every  one  is  aware,  is 
wonderfully  productive,  producing  heavy  crops  for  a  long 
•  series  of  years.  No  fruit  with  which  I  am  acquainted  seems 
more  promising  than  this." 

E.  R.  SIZER:  My  plum  orchard  now  numbers  3,000 
trees,  700  of  them  bearing.  Since  the  first  crop  they  have 
not  failed  to  bear  annually  full  crops  of  large,  fine,  well-fla- 
vored fruit.  The  winter  of  1 880-8 1  was  particularly  severe. 
The  following  did  not  kill  down  that  season  with  me,  and  I 
unhesitatingly  recommend  them: 


46  Fruit  Culture. 

Wild  Goose.  Yellow  Egg, 

Miner.  Pond's  Seedling. 

Blecker's  Gage.         Bradshaw. 
German  Prune. 

D.  S.  GRIMES:  The  Weaver,  Miner,  Wild  Goose,  Lom- 
bard, Jefferson,  Coe's  Golden,  German  Prune,  are  all  good 
and  profitable  for  both  orchard  and  garden.  For  orchard 
planting  the  trees  should  not  be  over  two  years  old  from 
the  graft  or  bud.  The  trees  come  early  into  bearing,  and 
the  fruit  always  finds  a  ready  market.  The  plum  is  budded 
on  peach  stock  with  much  less  difficulty  than  on  plum  stock. 
Plum  trees  budded  on  peach  stock  can  be  purchased  of 
nurserymen  for  almost  one-half  the  price  of  those  on  plum 
stock,  and  for  this  reason  nearly  all  the  plums  sold  over  the 
country  by  agents  are  budded  on  the  peach,  and  are  not 
sufficiently  hardy  for  the  north.  Plum,  on  plum  roots,  will 
stand  almost  anything,  from  an  Arctic  wave  to  a  street  cow. 
There  is  no  fruit  more  profitable. 

Authorities  agree,  thus  far,  as  to  the  entire  absence  of 
black  knot  or  curculio,  but  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  our 
country  will  always  be  so  favored.  Year  by  year,  as  fruit 
culturists  and  gardeners  know  to  their  sorrow,  new  enemies 
make  havoc  with  crops.  It  is  well,  therefore,  to  be  on  the 
watch,  and  to  guard  against  allowing  their  spread,  if  once 
they  should  appear.  Authorities  describe  the  black  knot 
as  "a  black,  puffy,  irregular  swelling  on  the  twigs  and 
smaller  limbs  of  the  tree."  The  sole  remedy  is  to  cut  off 
and  utterly  destroy  all  such  diseased  twigs  and  limbs  early 
in  the  season;  if  delayed  until  late  in  summer  it  will  not 
avail ;  the  tree  will  perish,  as  the  fungus — if  such  it  be — 
attains  its  greatest  development  by  this  time,  and  has  fatally 
affected  the  whole  tree. 

The  Curculio  is  a  small  dark-brown  beetle  with  spots 
of  yellow  and  black.  The  most  simple  method  of  protect- 
ing the  crop  from  them  is  by  spreading  cloth  beneath  the 


Plums.  47 

trees  as  far  out  as  the  branches  extend,  and  then  giving  the 
tree  a  sharp  blow  which  will  jar  off  the  insects,  and,  in  fall- 
ing, they  are  caught  on  the  cloth.  They  are  either  killed 
then,  or  gathered  up  with  the  punctured  fruit  that  has 
fallen,  and  destroyed. 

Mr.  D.  L.  Tracey,  writing  upon  the  subject  of  fruit 
culture,  remarks :  "On  tame  fruit  I  have  never  seen  any 
parasitic  plant,  but  upon  the  wild  plum  I  have  seen  what  I 
think  is  the  Dodder  plant,  but  I  may  be  mistaken." 


BLACKBERRIES. 


]T[HERE  is  at  least  one  conservative  fruit  grower  in  Colo- 
rado who  is  not  enthusiastic  upon  the  subject  of  black- 
berries. We  introduce  the  subject,  therefore,  with  the 
assertion  of  Mr.  E.  R.  Cosson  that  the  reports  regarding 
the  growing  and  fruiting  of  blackberries  in  Colorado  are  so 
conflicting  that  he  has  some  hesitancy  in  advising  their 
planting.  Three  kinds,  the  Early  Harvest,  Snyder  and 
Taylor's  Prolific,  known  to  be  hardy  and  successful  as  far 
north  as  Canada,  he  thinks  would  do  well  in  Colorado. 
Other  testimony  on  the  subject  we  group  together,  as  follows : 

JOSEPH  WOLFF  :  Only  two,  of  all  the  varieties  that  have 
been  tried  in  Colorado,  are  worthy  of  cultivation — the  Wil- 
son and  the  Snyder.  Some  think  only  the  first  named  is 
reliable.  It  is  large,  of  excellent  quality,  and  can  be  recom- 
mended for  the  general  adaptability  to  the  conditions  gov- 
erning the  cultivation  of  this  sort  of  fruit  in  Colorado.  The 
Snyder  is  claimed  by  some  to  be  perfectly  hardy,  but  it  is 
not. 

W.  F.  WATROUS:  I  grow  the  Kittatinny,  the  Wilson, 
the  Schneider  and  the  Lawton.  I  deem  the  latter  a  very 
prolific  variety,  and  the  one  most  profitable  for  Colorado. 

A.  E.  GIPSON:  The  Kittatinny,  Snyder  and  Wilson's 
Early  are  the  berries  principally  cultivated  in  Greeley. 
Each  does  well  under  proper  treatment. 

J.  M.  COLBURN  :  We  have  all  heard  that  certain  varieties 
of  blackberries  would  stand  our  winters  without  killing 
down.  I  do  not  believe  that  any  variety  will.  I  have  set 
out  the  Snyder,  probably  the  hardiest  of  the  blackberries, 


Blackberries.  49 

but  it  has  killed  down  with  the  others.  I  believe  that  the 
bushes  should  be  allowed  to  grow  without  fall  pruning. 
They  could  then  be  laid  over  without  danger  of  breaking, 
and  covered.  In  the  spring  shorten  the  bushes  and  grow 
lateral  branches. 

A.  N.  HOAG:  I  grow  the  Wilson,  Snyder,  Kittatinny 
and  Lawton.  I  never  fruited  them  so  long  as  I  left  them 
unprotected  through  the  winter.  I  now  cover  with  earth. 
They  are  now  succeeding  with  me. 

D.  M.  ROSE:  I  give  the  preference  to  the  Snyder. 

MR.  CURR:  It  is  the  common  belief  that  heavy  mulch- 
ing and  irrigation  during  fall  and  early  winter  will  keep 
blackberries  alive.  This  is  untrue,  from  the  standpoint  of 
my  own  experience.  I  have  done  so,  and  lost  heavily.  I 
am  satisfied  they  must  be  covered  with  earth  or  other  litter. 

HENRY  McAusTER :  All  blackberry  canes  must  be 
covered  with  earth  in  winter,  or  they  will  kill  to  the  ground 
in  nine  cases  out  of  ten.  The  hardiest  varieties  need  this 
protection. 

W.  A.  HELM  :  The  Wilson  is  a  good  berry,  but  it  will 
not  stand  the  winter  without  covering.  The  Missouri  Mam- 
moth variety  will,  and  is  therefore  preferable. 

E.  R.  COSSON  :  The  Snyder  seems  to  succeed  the  best, 
thus  far,  of  any  variety  tried  in  Colorado.     The  Early  Har- 
vest ripens  three  weeks  earlier  than  any  other  variety ;  it  is 
as  hardy  as  the  Snyder,  but  not  of  as  strong  growth.     The 
Taylor's  Prolific  is,  from  all  accounts,  a  splendid  variety, 
berries  large  and  melting,  without  core,  very  productive, 
and  said  to  be  hardy. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  Wilson's  Early  is  the  kind  mostly 
raised  here  and  discarded  to  a  great  extent  east  for  lack 
of  hardiness,  which  is  of  no  account  to  us;  the  large  size 
and  luscious  fruit  is  what  we  want,  and  we  will  take  care 
that  they  do  not  kill  in  winter,  by  bending  down  and  cover- 
ing them. 

4 


50  Fruit  Culture. 

TREATMENT. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  Plow  deep  furrows  with  two  or  more 
horses,  after  your  ground  has  been  properly  prepared  as 
you  would  do  for  any  farm  crop,  and  you  have  marked  off 
your  distances  the  other  way  by  which  to  set ;  straddle  the 
row;  if  furrow  is  not  deep  enough  to  set  your  plant  as  deep 
as  you  would  like  to  set  it,  dig  the  holes  deeper;  set  your 
plant,  draw  the  loose  earth  to  it  either  with  your  foot  or 
other  hand,  holding  on  to  the  stem  with  one  hand  till  its 
position  is  gained  to  suit  you ;  tread  it  firmly,  and  you  are 
done  for  the  present.  Cultivate  the  same  as  you  would 
corn.  The  pinching  back  had  better  be  dispensed  with  on 
account  of  giving  them  too  much  stockiness  to  bend  down. 
In  October  bend  down  and  cover  entire  with  earth. 

My  plan  of  uncovering  in  the  spring  is  to  take  a  rake, 
go  along  and  rake  the  loose  dirt  off  to  expose  part  of  the 
wood,  then  leave  it  a  few  days,  after  which  take  the  handle 
of  rake  or  fork,  put  it  under  the  curve,  gradually  working 
it  toward  the  ends,  then  raise  it.  If  you  want  to  still  pro- 
tect them  a  while,  let  the  dirt  remain,  afterwards  raking  it 
level.  This  will  give  it  a  pretty  fair  start,  after  which  you 
can  cultivate  and  irrigate  as  required. 


V       01'  '''HP. 

7T3RS 


RASPBERRIES. 


]T[HESE  are  splendidly  successful  in  Colorado.  Northern 
and  Southern  Colorado  tell  the  same  story  as  to  their 
easy  culture,  prolificacy  and  profit.  In  an  address  before 
the  El  Paso  County  Horticultural  Society,  last  winter,  Mr. 
E.  R.  Cosson  was  enthusiastic  as  to  the  berry.  Others  have 
also  written  in  its  favor.  As  to  varieties,  we  group  to- 
gether some  opinions  from  those  who  have  given  attention 
to  them. 

A.  E.  GIPSON  :  Of  the  reds,  the  Clark  is  the  best  known, 
but  the  Turner  is  considered  hardier.  The  leading  Black 
Caps  are  the  Gregg,  Mammoth  Cluster  and  the  Doolittle. 
They  rank  in  the  order  given. 

W.  F.  WATROUS  :  I  cultivate  the  following  varieties,, 
but  think  the  Gregg  the  best  suited  for  Colorado.  Doolittle, 
Imperial,  Mammoth  Cluster,  Gregg,  Davidson's  Thornless,, 
Brinkle's  Orange. 

A.  N.  HOAG  :  My  favorite  is  the  Doolittle  improved, 
which  I  consider  the  standard  variety  for  Colorado.  From 
700  two-year-old  plants  I  have  gathered  one  thousand 
quarts  of  berries.  I  consider  it  specially  adapted  to  our 
climate,  as  the  bushes  stand  our  hardest  winters  unpro- 
tected. 

H.  G.  WOLFF:  The  earliest  to  cultivate  are  the  Black 
Cap  varieties,  which  require  no  protection  on  the  uplands, 
and  with  good  cultivation  produce  abundant  crops  of  fair 
fruit.  The  Gregg  and  the  Mammoth  Cluster  are  the  only 
two  worthy  of  cultivation  in  Colorado.  The  first  has  grown 
berries,  four  of  which  placed  on  a  rule  measured  three  and 


52  Fruit  Cultiire. 

a  half  inches  in  diameter.  The  red  raspberries  are  the  only 
ones  that  possess  in  an  eminent  degree  the  essential  quali- 
ties of  a  first-class  fruit.  The  Turner  is  the  hardiest  of  all ; 
it  stands  hard  winters,  produces  well,  and  is  easily  handled. 
Clark  and  Philadelphia  are  also  good.  The  Cuthbert  is  said 
to  be  the  coming  raspberry  of  the  country. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  In  a  long  discussion  at  one  of  the 
sessions  of  the  El  Paso  Horticultural  Society  touching  the 
raspberry,  a  gentleman  thought  the  Clark  was  the  best  red 
berry  that  could  be  grown  in  Colorado.  It  was  tender, 
however,  and  must  be  buried  in  the  winter.  The  Gregg 
was  the  best  Black  Cap. 

The  following  experience  by  Mr.  A.  N.  Hoag,  as  given 
at  a  Farmer's  Institute  held  at  Fort  Collins,  covers  the 
ground  so  completely  that  we  give  it  entire : 

"As  I  have  been  called  upon  for  an  article  on  '  Small 
Fruits  and  Their  Culture,'  I  will  say  that  I  can  only  give 
my  own  experience,  which  is  very  limited,  being  but  an 
amateur.  I  have  succeeded  well  with  raspberries,  straw- 
berries, currants,  gooseberries,  and  a  variety  of  other  fruits. 
Six  years  ago  the  grasshoppers  left  me  four  plants  of  the 
Doolittle  Imperial  Raspberry,  which  were  very  much  in- 
jured, from  which  I  have  propagated  until  I  have  a  half- 
acre  of  as  fine  bushes  as  you  would  wish  to  see,  besides 
selling  about  2,000  plants.  Those  of  my  own  setting  have 
been  very  remunerative  for  the  past  two  years.  Although 
the  hail  of  the  24th  of  last  May  cut  me  short  at  least  two- 
thirds  of  a  crop,  I  picked  as  high  as  101  quarts  of  fine 
berries  at  a  picking,  which  brought  me  35  cents  per  quart 
at  wholesale.  My  mode  of  setting  has  been  varied.  Some 
of  them  I  set  6x8,  others  6x6,  and  others  4x4  feet  apart. 
Those  set  six  feet  apart  are  more  easily  worked  and  picked, 
and,  on  the  whole,  are  more  remunerative.  Those  only  four 
feet  apart  are  too  much  crowded,  are  unhandy  to  get  among 
to  pick  or  cultivate.  Still,  there  are  some  advantages  in 
close  planting,  as  the  bushes  protect  each  other  from  the 


Raspberries.  5  3 

dry  winds  and  scorching  sun  of  July  while  ripening,  and 
keep  the  ground  shaded,  which  retains  moisture  longer  than 
if  exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  sun,  thereby  causing  the  fruit 
to  fully  develop  while  ripening,  making  large,  fine,  sweet 
berries,  some  being  fully  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter. I  should  not  recommend  them  to  be  set  nearer  than 
5x6  feet,  as  the  Doolittle  is  a  strong  grower.  My  mode  of 
culture  is  to  lay  them  down  in  the  fall  and  cover  with  earth. 
Although  quite  hardy,  it  pays  to  lay  them  down  and  cover. 
In  the  spring — not  too  early — when  all  danger  of  their  being 
killed  is  past,  I  take  them  up,  manure  at  the  foot  if  neces- 
sary, then  let  them  stand  until  the  weeds  start,  when  I  stake 
the  vines  to  one  side,  and  turned  the  way  I  want  to  culti- 
vate them.  I  run  through  as  many  times  as  necessary  to 
mellow  the  ground  with  a  double-shovel  cultivator.  Should 
the  ground  be  too  dry  I  irrigate  before  plowing.  This  is 
all  the  plowing  they  get,  but  when  they  get  weedy  I  go 
through  them  with  hand  and  hoe.  I  irrigate  as  often  as 
necessary,  using  my  own  judgment  when  to  do  so.  Rasp- 
berries and  strawberries  require  more  water  on  my  land 
than  any  other  fruit.  Raspberries  do  not  require  as  much 
manure  as  other  shrubbery.  I  also  have  the  Greggans, 
Tyler  and  Mammoth  Cluster  for  black  caps.  The  latter  are 
worthless  on  my  grounds.  I  have  the  Brandywine  and 
Turner  for  reds,  and  like  them  more  as  I  become  better  ac- 
quainted with  them.  Also  have  the  Golden  Thornless,  which 
I  cannot  recommend  for  general  use ;  still,  I  say,  plant  a 
few  for  a  variety." 

Messrs.  Crawford  &  Chase,  of  Colorado  Springs,  have 
two  acres  of  raspberries.  They  have  fruited  the  following 
varieties:  Turner,  Queen  of  the  Market  or  Cuthbert,  Reli- 
ance, Brandywine,  Herstine,  Belle  de  Fontenay  and  High- 
land Hardy,  of  the  red  varieties ;  and  Doolittle,  Mammoth 
Cluster  and  Gregg  of  the  Black  Caps.  Their  favorites  are 
the  Turner,  Reliance,  Belle  de  Fontenay  and  Gregg. 


54  Fruit  Culture. 

NEW  VARIETIES. 

Lost  Rubies  (red). — Will  endure,  it  is  said,  winters  when 
the  mercury  marks  twenty  degrees  below  zero.  Is  of  im- 
mense size. 

Reliance  (red). — Will  grow  and  fruit  in  all  kinds  of  soil, 
and  gives  promise  of  being  more  popular.  Very  successful 
thus  far  in  Colorado. 

Superb  (red). — The  following  points  of  merit  are  claimed 
for  this:  Berries  averaging,  in  the  flush  of  the  season,  about 
six  to  the  ounce ;  a  rich,  sprightly,  sub-acid  flavor ;  bright 
crimson  color,  wonderful  productiveness,  fruit  ripening  as 
early  as  the  earliest  and  continuing  until  late  in  September ; 
strong,  vigorous  canes  and  almost  thornless ;  great  hardi- 
ness, "having  withstood  the  trying  ordeal  of  the  compara- 
tively mild  but  changeful  winter  and  spring  of  1879-80,  so 
destructive  to  some  other  varieties,  and  the  long  and  severe 
one  of  1 880-8 1,  with  the  loss  of  scarcely  a  cane  out  of 
several  thousands." 

Shaffer's  Colossal  (black). — Suited  to  all  kinds  of  soil ; 
ironclad  in  hardiness,  surviving  severe  winters  unprotected. 
Claimed  to  be  the  berry  for  the  extreme  wrest. 

Souhegan. — It  is  said  of  this  that  the  canes  are  very 
vigorous,  branching  quite  freely,  with  many  strong,  sharp 
spines.  The  fruit  is  jet  black  in  color,  large  size  and  good 
quality,  very  productive,  and  ripens  one  week  before  the 
Doolittle,  and  with  the  late  varieties  of  strawberries. 

THE  HAMELL,  of  which  we  give  a  colored  plate,  is  said 
to  be  perfectly  hardy.  WTm.  Parry,  of  Parry,  N.  J.,  says  of 
it  "  I  think  it  will  be  an  acquisition  among  small  fruits,  com- 
ing in  earlier  than  any  raspberry.  It  stands  single  and  alone 
and  above  all  competition.  At  the  present  time  I  think 
there  is  no  raspberry  that  can  compete  with  it  in  all  the 
qualities  that  are  desirable  for  a  raspberry." 


CURRANTS. 


]T[HE  currant  is  growing  more  and  more  into  popular  favor. 
It  is  easy  to  cultivate;  it  is  constant  in  productiveness; 
it  is  readily  marketed  ;  its  season  is  a  long  one ;  it  has  a 
long  life,  lasting  thirty  years  or  more  when  a  plantation  is 
properly  cared  for.  It  is  easily  propagated,  and,  though 
amply  repaying  good  cultivation,  will  thrive  even  if  neg- 
lected. 

Here  in  Colorado,  its  enemy,  the  currant  worm,  is  not 
yet  known.  We  say  yet,  because  we  do  not  assume  that  it 
never  will  be  known.  We  hope  it  will  not. 

Currants,  says  Mr.  E.  R.  Cosson,  delight  in  cool,  rich, 
moist  soil,  and  always  do  well  on  the  north  or  east  side  of 
a  fence  or  a  hedge.  Plant  about  three  feet  apart,  in  rows 
four  feet  wide.  Do  not  be  afraid  to  prune.  Six  good, 
strong  branches  will  produce  larger  and  better  fruit  and 
more  of  it  than  a  dozen  weakly  shoots.  Mulch  thoroughly 
and  keep  the  soil  mellow,  and  a  large  crop  is  assured.  If 
the  currant  worm  should  put  in  an  appearance,  treat  him  to 
a  dose  of  hellebore  water — one  ounce  of  hellebore  dissolved 
in  an  ordinary  pail  of  water,  is  about  to  his  taste. 

Messrs.  Crawford  &  Chase  have  several  thousand  of 
currant  bushes  on  their  place  at  Colorado  Springs.  The 
larger  part  of  these  are  of  the  Cherry  and  La  Versailles 
varieties,  with  some  of  the  White  Grape  and  Market  Queen. 

Red,  white  and  black  do  equally  well  in  Colorado.  In- 
deed, why  should  they  not,  when  they  can  be  found  grow- 
ing wild,  yielding  large  fruit,  in  our  canons  and  along  the 
banks  of  some  of  our  creeks  ? 


56  Fruit  Culture. 

It  is  not  advisable  to  set  out  bushes  in  the  autumn,  in 
Colorado.  Our  own  experience  leads  us  to  give  this  advice. 
In  the  spring  of  1881  we  set  out  two  hundred  bushes,  whose 
growth  were  not  retarded  in  the  least,  that  bore  well  during 
the  season  of  1882.  In  the  fall  of  the  first-named  year  we 
set  out  one  thousand  plants,  of  four  varieties.  The  winter 
was  a  fairly  mild  one ;  there  was  not  much  wind,  and  yet 
not  fifty  of  the  bushes  gave  out  leaves  in  the  spring  of  1882. 
About  100  were  utterly  killed.  The  balance  sent  up  fresh 
shoots  from  the  roots ;  but  our  currant  plantation  has  been 
set  back  one  and  perhaps  two  years,  all  because  the  bushes 
were  planted  in  the  fall.  Hence  we  say,  better  heel  in  and 
cover  with  dirt  if  you  have  bushes  to  set  in  the  fall,  than 
subject  them  to  our  winter  climate  before  any  growth  has 
been  made.  And  this  advice,  we  are  inclined  to  think,  will 
be  equally  good  if  applied  to  blackberries,  raspberries,  and 
strawberries. 

The  varieties  of  currants,  being  so  few,  are  well  known 
and  hardly  need  be  repeated  here.  Still,  we  give  the  list,, 
as  to  earliness. 

Red. — Red  Dutch,  Cherry  or  Versailles,  Victoria. 

White — Grape,  Goudoin,  Danals. 

Black — Black  Naples. 

NEW  VARIETIES. 

Fay's  Prolific  Red,  Leiz's  Large  Black,  Golden  Cham- 
pion. 

Though,  as  before  stated,  we  have  no  currant  worm  to- 
trouble  us,  it  might  be  as  well  to  be  prepared  for  such  an 
enemy  by  having  at  hand  a  statement  of  the  methods  used 
elsewhere  where  the  worm  is  troublesome. 

Soapsuds  is  recommended ;  and  this  is  simple  enough 
and  easy  to  be  procured.  A  Mr.  Hurlburt,  of  Portland, 
Mich.,  says  he  knows  by  two  years'  successful  experience 
that  a  dash  of  soapsuds  is  death  to  currant  worms.  "  Try 
it,"  he  writes  to  the  Fruit  Recorder,  "in  just  such  strength 
as  will  cure  them  in  a  second  of  time."  He  uses  it  very 


Currants.  5  7 

strong,  and  after  it  has  served  this  purpose  the  rains  wash 
it  down  and  it  acts  as  a  stimulant  to  the  bushes. 

We  find  the  following  among  our  memoranda  on  this 
subject,  and  quote  it  entire,  though  we  do  not  know  where 
to  credit  it : 

"  A  new,  cheap  and  effective  insect  remedy  is  being 
tried  with  good  success  at  the  agricultural  college  at  Am- 
herst.  It  is  composed  of  one  part  muriate  of  potash  diluted 
in  1000  parts  of  water.  Applied  with  a  syringe  to  currant 
bushes,  cabbages,  etc.,  it  is  death  to  the  bugs  and  worms 
every  time.  The  mixture  is  not  only  a  good  insect  des- 
troyer, but  even  if  it  gets  on  the  fruit  and  vegetables  we  are 
to  eat,  it  is  a  harmless  saline,  possessing  none  of  the  dan- 
gerous characteristics  of  Paris  green,  London  purple,  helle- 
bore, etc.  Moreover  it  is  very  good  as  plant  food,  and 
what  falls  to  the  ground  is  of  service  in  this  way.  It  is  also 
very  cheap,  easily  mixed  and  applied.  The  large  propor- 
tion of  water  is  necessary  because  it  rapidly  evaporates  when 
applied,  and  so  makes  the  solution  stronger." 


GOOSEBERRIES. 


Tj^NGLAND  is  apparently  the  home  of  the  gooseberry. 
"There,"  says  a  recent  writer  in  the  Canadian  Farmer, 
""the  fine,  large,  handsome  varieties  they  successfully  grow 
are  almost  endless ;  but  to  attempt  to  reproduce  these  under 
our  conditions  of  climate,  would  only  result  in  disappoint- 
ment and  total  failure." 

Some  of  these  English  varieties  undoubtedly  will  do 
well  in  Colorado.  We  have  but  little  testimony  to  produce 
in  this  connection,  as  the  general  cultivation  of  this  fruit 
has  not  been  attempted.  But  in  El  Paso  County,  on  sandy 
soil,  W.  H.  Bush,  of  Colorado  Springs,  has  raised  berries 
of  the  White  Smith  and  Crown  Bob  varieties,  that  for  size 
and  quality  are  not  often — it  is  said — exceeded  in  the  great 
gooseberry  districts  of  England  and  Scotland. 

Mr.  A.  N.  Hoag  has  three  varieties — the   Houghton,  * 
Wentworth  and  Downing.    The  Houghton,  he  says,  is  hard 
to  beat.     It  is  very  hardy  and  prolific. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Wolff  says:  The  Houghton  Seedling  is  the 
principal  variety  grown  in  Colorado  ;  but  the  Downing, 
Smith's  Improved  and  some  of  the  English  sorts  will  do 
equally  well  and  pay  much  better  than  the  Houghton. 

Says  J.  H.  Newcomb:  The  fruit  is  gaining  in  popular- 
ity and  importance  every  year ;  the  demand  from  our  moun- 
tain towns  cannot  be  supplied  for  years.  The  Houghton  is 
the  most  extensively  planted  and  perhaps  the  most  produc- 


Gooseberries.  59 

tive,  but  there  is  no  reason  why  we  cannot  raise  the  larger 
improved  varieties  of  our  own  and  also  the  large  English 
sorts,  as  we  are  never  troubled  with  mildew  here.  They 
can,  by  the  use  of  gloves,  be  gathered  in  half  the  time  re- 
quired by  any  other  variety  of  small  fruits. 

SUGGESTED  VARIETIES. 

Smith's  Improved.  Oregon  Seedling. 

Downing.  White  Smith. 

Houghton.  Crown  Bob. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


T97E  are  told  by  Shakspeare  that  a  garden  in  Holborn  pro- 
duced strawberries  in  1483.  In  1578  the  berry  was 
known  as  the  Wood  or  White  Alpine  Berry,  because  it  grew 
in  shadowy  woods  and  highway  sides,  wild.  As  late  as 
1660  no  other  variety  was  known.  In  1665  two  are  found 
having  names — Virginia  Scarlet  and  the  Bohemian,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Hautbois.  Up  to  this  time  no  effort  to 
grow  new  varieties  from  seed  or  by  crossing  had  been  made. 
The  wild  strawberry,  as  God  made  it,  was  good  enough  for 
humankind. 

About  this  time  Fressaut,  a  Frenchman,  produced  a 
variety  called  the  Clapperon,  from  seed  of  the  Wood  Straw- 
berry. From  that  time  until  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  but  little  attention  was  paid  to  obtaining  new  varie- 
ties. •  In  fact,  not  until  1834,  when  Hovey's  Seedling  came 
into  existence,  was  any  progress  made  in  America,  at  least ; 
thes^e,  in  alternate  rows  (being  a  pistillate  variety)  \vith  wild 
strawberries,  were  found  to  produce  a  very  fine  crop  of  large 
and  delicious  fruit.  No\v  there  are  about  five  hundred 
varieties  named,  while  thousands  have  been  raised  and  re- 
jected after  a  year  or  two  of  trial,  as  unworthy  of  propaga- 
tion or  naming. 

Strawberries  do  well  in  almost  any  kind  of  soil,  in 
Colorado;  though  light,  sandy  loam  seems  to  be  best  adapted 
for  the  majority  of  varieties.  Later  we  will  give  a  list  rec- 
ommended for  the  various  kinds  of  land  we  have,  grouping 
them  for  right  and  heavy  land.  It  is  probable  that  there  is 
no  soil  in  the  State,  except  where  it  is  habitually  wet,  under 


Strawberries.  6 1 

an  altitude  of  7,000  feet,  that  will  not  grow  some  kinds ;  as 
we  have  known  them  to  fruit  bountifully  at  an  altitude  500 
feet  higher  than  we  have  named. 

CULTURE. 

E.  R.  COSSON  :  When  the  plant  arrives,  should  the  ground 
not  be  ready  or  the  weather  unfavorable,  take  them  from 
the  package,  loosen  the  branches,  dip  the  roots  in  water, 
and  put  them  in  a  cool  place  away  from  the  sun,  wind  and 
frost.  Moist  but  well  drained  land  is  the  best  for  the  straw- 
berry. Avoid  the  shade  of  trees.  The  soil  should  be 
thoroughly  and  deeply  pulverized,  and  fertilizers  used  freely. 
The  size  and  number  of  berries  will  be  in  almost  exact  pro- 
portion to  the  cultivation  and  fertilization  given.  In  setting, 
do  not  plant  deep,  but  press  the  earth  very  firmly  about  the 
plants.  Do  not  plant  on  a  windy  day.  The  earlier  plants 
are  set,  the  better,  always.  For  hill  culture,  plant  in  beds 
four  feet  wide,  with  alleys  two  feet  wide  between  them. 
Plant  in  each  bed  three  rows  of  plants  fifteen  inches  apart, 
and  the  plants  the  same  distance  apart  in  the  rows.  For  the 
matted  row  system,  plant  in  rows  three  feet  apart,  and  the 
plants  a  foot  apart  in  the  rows. 

H.  McALiSTER,  JR.  :  I  prepare  the  ground  for  strawberries 
with  great  care,  manuring  it  heavily  and  digging  it  over 
several  times,  thoroughly  incorporating  the  manure  with 
the  soil.  I  set  the  plants  in  rows  two  feet  apart  and  about 
a  foot  apart  in  the  row.  In  a  year  or  two  I  allow  the  plants 
to  thicken  up  in  what  E.  P.  Roe  calls  the  matted  row  sys- 
tem. The  beds  are  carefully  mulched  every  autumn,  or 
rather  early  winter,  with  leaves  or  long  manure,  scattered 
very  thinly  over  the  whole  bed.  If  properly  cared  for,  a 
plant  will  bear  heavy  crops  for  four  or  five  years,  although 
most  growers  will  find  it  profitable  to  renew  every  third 
year.  I  keep  leaf  mould  or  other  fine  mulching  around  my 
plants  during  the  bearing  season. 

It  is  said-  that  for  every  runner  that  is  cut  off,  a  fruit 


62  Fruit  Culture. 

stem  will  form  on  the  old  stock,  and  that  as  many  berries 
and  of  as  large  a  size  will  be  obtained  from  the  one  hill  as 
would  have  been  had  the  runners  been  allowed  to  run  over 
the  bed  at  will.  This  has  been  proven  true  in  Minnesota 
and  elsewhere,  and  is  likely  to  be  so  in  Colorado.  Varieties 
like  the  Crescent  Seedling,  that  are  so  profuse  in  runners, 
will  stool  out  wonderfully  when  the  runners  are  kept  off ,~ 
the  more  they  stool  out  the  more  fruit  stems ;  hence  greater 
the  crop. 

The  hill  system  and  the  row  system  each  have  their 
advocates. 

Joseph  Wolff  says :  I  grow  in  the  hill  system  princi- 
pally, three  feet  between  rows  and  twelve  or  fifteen  inches 
between  plants  in  row,  removing  all  runners  as  soon  as  they 
make  their  appearance.  Grown  in  this  manner  they  attain 
a  very  large  size,  are  more  readily  cultivated,  command  the 
highest  market  price,  and  pay  a  larger  profit  than  to  let 
them  run. 

Wm.  Newland's  system  is  in  rows  three  feet  apart  and 
one  foot  in  the  row. 

A.  N.  Hoag  sets  his  still  farther  apart — four  feet  be- 
tween rows,  eighteen  inches  in  the  row,  throwing  up  a  ridge 
to  set  the  plants  on  so  that  water  will  run  between  the  rows. 
Cultivate  often  to  keep  weeds  down,  except  while  fruiting. 
The  first  year  he  grows  onions  or  early  peas  among  the 
plants,  the  profit  of  which  generally  pays  for  cultivating. 

Wm.  Newland  prefers  clay  loam  to  sandy  land.  He 
says  he  raises  more  and  larger  berries  on  such  land.  Yet  the 
rich  sandy  loam  of  such  sections  as  the  town  site  and  vicin- 
ity of  Colorado  Springs  have  been  found  to  be. admirably 
adapted  to  the  production  of  the  largest  and  best  straw- 
berries. At  the  meeting  of  the  El  Paso  Horticultural 
Society,  held  in  Colorado  Springs  in  June,  1881,  thirty 
varieties  were  shown,  the  display  far  exceeding  that  shown 
at  the  fair  of  the  State  Society  held  in  Denver  shortly  after- 
ward. 


Stra^vberries.  65 

As  regards  irrigation,  abundance  of  water  is  required 
up  to  and  including  the  fruiting  season.  All  cultivators 
agree  in  this ;  the  more  the  supply  of  water  the  larger  the 
berry  and  the  greater  the  crop. 

VARIETIES. 

Almost  every  variety  has  its  faithful  defenders.  But, 
in  fact,  we  can  hardly  go  amiss  in  selecting  among  the  older 
and  well-established  varieties.  The  Wilson,  as  a  market 
berry,  here  as  elsewhere,  can  hardly  be  surpassed.  In  the 
east,  among  a  hundred  claimants  for  popular  favor,  it  holds 
its  own  ;  and  though  we  have  heard  of  one  grower,  at  least, 
in  Northern  Colorado  who  has  discarded  it  to  the  extent  of 
giving  plants  away  to  those  who  would  take  them  up  out 
of  his  ground,  in  order  to  make  way  for  a  better  variety, 
still  one  is  apt  to  think  that  this  bed  of  Wilson  must  have 
suffered  from  neglect  rather  than  because  it  was  an  inferior 
berry.  In  the  last  edition  of  the  Fruit  Catalogue  of  the 
American  Pomological  Society,  the  Wilson  is  reported  upon 
favorably  from  thirty-six  different  states,  and  double-starred,, 
or  highly  recommended,  in  twenty-seven  of  them.  Charles 
Downing  stands  second  and  Triomphe  de  Gand  third  in  the 
list.  After  these  the  following  stand  in  the  order  named: 
Kentucky,  Longworth's  Prolific,  President  Wilder,  Green 
Prolific,  Agriculturist,  Hovey's  Seedling,  Downer's  Prolific 
and  Nicanor.  In  Minnesota  W7ilson  leads  the  list,  followed 
by  Charles  Downing,  Downer's  Prolific,  Green  Prolific  and 
Crescent  Seedling. 

We  group  together  the  opinions  of  various  fruit  cul- 
turists  in  Colorado  as  to  varieties,  as  follows  : 

H.  McAusTER:  I  would,  for  this  section,  select  them 
in  the  following  order  :  Cumberland  Triumph,  Miners'  Great 
Prolific,  President  Wilder,  Sharpless,  Triomphe  de  Gand, 
Monarch  of  the  West  and  Jucunda.  The  Wilson  and  Cres- 
cent are  very  prolific,  but  are  only  regarded  as  good  by 
those  whose  tastes  have  been  ruined  by  rum  and  tobacco.. 


64  Fruit  Culture. 

I  think  the  Cumberland  Triumph  is  the  best  strawberry 
ever  grown. 

This  is  rather  .hard  upon  the  Wilson,  for  which  we 
profess  a  fondness,  though  our  taste,  as  those  who  know 
us  can  easily  believe,  has  not  been  ruined  by  "rum  and 
tobacco." 

A.  N.  HOAG:  I  name  the  following  as  varieties  to  which 
I  am  partial,  having  fruited  them  all  to  profit :  Wilson,  Ju- 
cunda,  Sharpless,  Captain  Jack,  Crescent  Seedling.  Others 
do  well  with  me,  such  as  Metcalf,  Prouty,  Golden  Queen, 
Lenning's  White  and  Glendale. 

WM.  NEWLAND  :  The  Wilson  and  Jucunda  are  the  best 
berries. 

H.  G.  WOLFF:  Of  varieties  there  are  so  many  really 
good  ones  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  which  is  really  prefer- 
able. Jucunda  and  Wilson  have  proven  best  with  me,  so 
far  as  tested,  under  all  conditions.  Sharpless  promises  well, 
as  do  also  Crescent  Seedling,  Glendale,  Duchess,  and  others. 
For  profit  I  prefer  the  Jucunda. 

A.  E.  GIPSON  :  The  varieties  mostly  cultivated  in  Gree- 
ley  are  the  Jucunda  and  Wilson.  Recently  the  Sharpless 
has  come  into  great  favor,  and  is  being  largely  planted. 
The  Crescent  yields  well,  but  the  fruit  is  not  so  good  in 
average  quality  nor  in  size  as  the  others  mentioned.  The 
Bidwell  promises  to  be  a  formidable  rival  to  the  others,  and 
I  shall  not  be  surprised  if  it  proves  among  the  very  best  of 
strawberries  for  general  cultivation. 

R.  T.  CRAWFORD  :  Our  soil  is  somewhat  heavier  than 
that  generally  found  on  the  town  site  of  Colorado  Springs, 
being  mixed  with  adobe.  During  the  past  season  we  have' 
marketed  many  thousand  boxes  of  strawberries  of  the  fol- 
lowing varieties :  Crescent,  Wilson,  Glendale,  Sharpless, 
Charles  Downing,  Miners'  Great  Prolific,  Jucunda,  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  Pioneer,  Kentucky,  Duchesse,  Black  Defiance, 
Russell's  Advance,  Forest  Rose,  Bidwell,  Seth  Boyden, 
Colonel  Cheney,  Panic,  Great  American  and  Monarch  of  the 


Straivberries.  65 

West.  During  the  coming  season  we  will  add  the  Triomphe 
de  Gand  and  Cumberland  Triumph  to  our  list.  We  are 
pleased  with  all  the  above,  excepting  the  Forest  Rose  and 
Panic,  which  I  will  discard  in  the  future.  At  the  State 
Horticultural  Society  fair  last  June  we  took  three  first  prem- 
iums for  our  strawberries.  Some  of  our  Sharpless  measured 
six  and  a  half  inches  in  circumference. 

This  last  statement  we  can  vouch  for,  having  seen  with 
our  own  eyes,  in  common  with  hundreds  of  others,  this 
wonderful  plate  of  Sharpless  berries  exhibited  by  Mr.  Craw- 
ford, who,  with  his  partner,  Mr.  Chase,  has  six  acres  in 
fruit.  They  are  probably  the  largest  growers  in  the  State. 

LIST  FOR  LIGHT  SOIL. 

Early — Bidwell,  Wilson,  Crescent  Seedling. 

Medium — Jucunda,  Charles  Downing,  Miner's  Prolific. 

Late — Kentucky,  Mount  Vernon.  


FOR  HEAVY  SOIL.  //    ^        OF   T/f^^fe\ 

Sharpless,  Windsor,  Glendale,  Duchess.     P  7  £  £  g  j  y  ^ 

WINTER  PROTECTION. 

The  following  essay  on  Mulching,  by  Henry  McAlis"te?7 
Jr.,  of  Colorado  Springs,  read  at  one  of  the  meetings  of  the 
El  Paso  County  Horticultural  Society,  so  completely  covers 
the  ground  on  this  subject  that  we  give  it  entire : 

"  To  mulch,  in  the  language  of  the  lexicographer,  is  to 
cover  with  half-rotten  straw  or  other  litter. 

"  In  the  cultivation  of  the  strawberry  the  best  results 
can  only  be  attained  by  carefully  mulching  the  bed  in  win- 
ter. It  is  quite  essential  that  young  plants — those  a  year 
old  or  less — should  be  mulched;  old  and  vigorous  plants, 
the  foliage  of  which  nearly  or  quite  covers  the  ground,  will 
do  fairly  well,  during  ordinary  winters,  without  mulching, 
but  even  they  are  greatly  benefited  by  it. 

"  The  chief  object  of  mulching  is  to  prevent  the  alter- 


66  Fruit  Culture. 

nate  freezing  and  thawing  of  the  ground,  which  disturbs  or 
breaks  the  rootlets  of  the  plants.  This  greatly  lessens  their 
productiveness  and  retards  their  growth.  It  should  be  re- 
membered that  mulching  is  not  to  keep  the  plants  warm, 
nor  to  keep  the  frost  out  of  the  ground ;  it  is  rather  to  keep 
a  uniform  quantity  of  frost  in  the  ground. 

"  It  is  well  not  to  mulch  a  strawberry  bed  until  the 
weather  gets  so  cold  that  the  ground  freezes  every  night ; 
up  to  that  time  the  plants,  if  properly  cultivated,  grow  more 
or  less.  Before  mulching,  the  ground  should  be  irrigated, 
and  it  is  probably  better  to  put  on  the  mulching  when  the 
ground  is  frozen.  Snow  itself  is  as  good  a  mulching  as  can 
be  devised.  When  the  snow  disappears  the  ground  will  be 
in  admirable  condition  for  mulching  without  further  moist- 
ening. During  a  long  and  very  dry  winter  the  ground  should 
be  wet  once  or  twice,  either  by  ordinary  irrigation  or  by 
sprinkling  with  a  hose.  This  can  be  done  without  disturb- 
ing the  mulching,  otherwise  the  ground  will  become  so  dry 
that  the  plants  will  be  greatly  injured  or  destroyed. 

"Almost  any  kind  of  litter  will  do  for  mulching.  Leaves, 
which  can  be  gotten  in  Colorado  Springs,  Greeley  and  some 
other  towns  in  Colorado,  plentifully  every  autumn,  answer 
well.  A  covering  of  an  inch  or  two  of  sawdust  serves  a 
good  purpose  ;  but  probably  the  most  convenient  mulching 
is  long  horse  manure,  which  can  generally  be  obtained  for 
the  hauling.  If  carefully  preserved  the  same  lot  of  mulch- 
ing will  do  for  two  years  or  more.  Care  should  be  taken 
not  to  allow  heavy  lumps  of  manure  to  be  immediately  on 
the  plants.  The  mulching  should  be  placed  on  the  straw- 
berry bed  in  sufficient  quantity  only  to  cover  the  ground — 
to  carefully  shade  it  from  the  sun's  rays.  To  undertake  to 
give  the  proper  thickness  of  the  layer  of  covering  would 
be  likely  to  mislead,  as  an  inch  of  sawdust,  or  even  half  an 
inch  of  wet  leaves  raked  out  of  the  ditches,  would  as  effect- 
ually shade  the  ground  as  three  or  four  inches  of  light, 
,oose  straw  or  hay.  The  object  desired  is  to  completely 


Strawberries.  67 

screen  the  ground  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  and  no  more 
covering  than  is  barely  sufficient  to  do  so  should  be  put  on. 
In  most  cases  inexperienced  persons  put  on  too  much,  and 
by  so  doing  smother  the  plants.  Better  not  mulch  at  all 
than  mulch  too  heavily.  It  is  well  to  put  the  mulching 
uniformly  over  the  bed ;  on,  as  well  as  around  the  plants. 
Whatever  is  put  on  must  be  kept  from  blowing  away  by 
the  use  of  poles,  boards,  fine  manure  or  earth  thrown  upon 
the  mulching  between  the  rows  of  plants.  Leaves  are  par- 
ticularly liable  to  be  blown  off  unless  thus  weighted.  In 
the  east,  where  material  for  mulching  is  sometimes  scarce, 
earth  is  frequently  hoed  upon  the  plants  as  a  protection. 
This  answers  a  purpose,  but  it  is  troublesome  to  remove  in 
the  spring.  The  winter  mulching  should  remain  on  the 
strawberry  until  the  plants  start  to  grow  in  the  spring. 

PROFIT  IX  STRAWBERRIES. 

After  the  first  year,  the  following  is  a  fair  estimate][of 
the  profit  in  raising  berries. : 

ONE  ACRE— EXPENSE. 

Irrigation  and  Cultivation $50  00 

Picking— 2,5(X)  quarts  at  2%  cents G2  50 

Baskets,  Boxing  and  Marketing  50  00 

Commission,  10  per  cent 50  00 

Total  expense §212  50 

RESULT. 

2,500  quarts,  averaging  20  cents $500  00 

Balance  of  profit 287  50 

Mr.  L.  K.  Perrin,  however,  who  is  one  of  the^oldest 
fruit  growers  in  Colorado  gives  a  better  showing  even*than 
the  above.  He  says  that  $550  worth  of  strawberries  can 
be  gathered  off  an  acre  of  ground  in  one  year ;  that^it  costs 
to  cultivate  one  acre  about  $50  per  season ;  that  three  cents 
per  quart  for  picking  and  about  ten  cents  per  quart  for  box- 
ing and  preparing  for  market,  and  that  the  entire  cost^for 
cultivation,  water  for  irrigation,  picking,  boxing  and  [ship- 
ping to  market  does  not  cost  over  $150,  leaving  ajnet  profit 
of  $400  per  acre. 


68  Fruit  Culture. 

Let  us  see  how  this  compares  with  the  cultivation  in 
the  East. 

Mr.  William  Parry,  of  New  Jersey,  gives  his  testimony 
as  follows : 

"There  .are  so  many  circumstances  connected  with 
strawberry  growing,  such  as  varieties,  soil,  climate,  location, 
markets,  and  the  skill  and  management  of  the  grower,  that 
the  results  of  a  few  cases  cannot  be  relied  on  for  general 
rules. 

"  We  have  grown  over  two  hundred  bushels  per  acre 
here,  and  realized  upward  of  six  hundred  dollars  per  acre 
for  the  crop ;  but  that  is  much  above  the  general  average. 
Having  kept  a  careful  record  for  fourteen  years  past,  of  the 
yield  per  acre  and  price  per  quart  at  which  our  strawberries 
have  been  sold,  we  find  the  average  to  be  about  2,500  quarts 
per  acre,  and  the  price  eleven  cents  per  quart  in  market, 
giving  the  following  results  : 

Commissions,  10  per  cent $27  50 

Picking  2,500  quarts,  at  two  cents  per  quart 50  00 

Manure 17  50 

Use  of  Baskets 10  00 

Cultivation,  etc 25  00 

Net  profits  per  acre 145  00 

Gross  proceeds,  2,500  quarts  at  11  cents $275  00 

These  figures,  compared  with  ours,  speak  for  themselves, 
and  need  no  comment  of  ours  to  "point  the  moral  or  adorn 
the  tale"  of  strawberry  culture  for  profit  in  Colorado  versus 
the  East. 


This  fine,  showy  and  hardy  grape  was  originated  from  seed  by  John  Pocklington,  at  Sandy 

Hill,  Washington  Co.,  N.  Y.     Is  an  iron-clad  variety,  having  large  leathery  foliage, 

(identical  with  that  of  the  Concord,)  which  will  not  mildew  in  the  most  ad- 

verse  seasons.   The  vine  is  a  strong  grower  and  very  hardy;  clusters 

large  and  showy,  weighing  as  much  as  one  pound  each. 

Quality  sweet  and  good.    Ripens  with  the  Concord. 


GRAPES. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

]T[HE  grape,  like  the  apple  and  the  fig,  appear  in  history 
away  back  into  that  past  era  of  which  we  have  but 
faint  glimpses  in  human  records.  It  does  not  appear  in  the 
narrative  connected  with  the  Garden  of  Eden,  and  this  may 
be  set  down  to  its  credit.  It  was  very  much  later  in  the 
chronology  of  the  earth  that  the  fruit  of  the  grape  made 
trouble  in  the  family  of  Noah.  Subject  to  abuse  it  can 
work  injury;  but  its  proper  use  makes  it  one  of  the  bless- 
ings conferred  upon  mankind  by  an  indulgent  Creator. 

It  is  not  within  our  present  purpose  to  go  into  a  detailed 
history  of  this  luscious  fruit.  By  way  of  introduction  it 
might  not  be  amiss  to  name  the  various  species  as  follows : 

Vitis  Labrusca. — This  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  for  the 
Wild  Vine.  From  this  species  have  come  the  table  grapes 
of  the  North,  such  as  the  Concord,  Catawba,  Ives,  Martha, 
Champion,  Niagara,  Pocklington,  Prentiss. 

Vitis  sEstivalis  is  the  summer  grape,  whose  home  is  in 
Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory.  Cyn- 
thiana  and  Herbemont  belong  to  this  species. 

Vitis  Cordifolia  designates  the  family  of  grapes  to  which 
the  Clinton  and  Elvira  belong. 

These  two  last  are  the  true  wine  grapes. 

Vitis  Vulpina  is  the  Southern  grape,  of  which  the  Scup- 
penong  is  the  type. 

Vitis  Vinifera,  the  foreign  or  California  varietie  s. 

In  an  address  before  the  El  Paso  Horticultural  Society 
last  winter,  on  the  Care  and  Culture  of  the  Grape,  Mr.  W. 
M.  Gumm  made  the  following  remarks :  "  Here  in  Colorado 


70  Fruit  Culture. 

grape  growing  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  but  I  firmly  believe  that 
in  time,  on  the  banks  of  our  streams  and  in  the  foothills, 
we  have  a  section  that  will  rival  many  of  the  now  considered 
favorable  locations,  even  California  itself.  Our  State  should 
become  the  most  favored  vineyard  of  the  world,  for  all  along 
our  streams  they  are  found  growing  in  great  profusion — 
along  the  banks  of  the  Platte,  Arkansas  and  Big  Thompson 
rivers,  and  Fountain,  Cherry  and  Grape  creeks ;  also  in  the 
canons  and  mountain  gulches." 

CULTURE. 

V.  DEVINNY  :  Upland  soil  is  best  for  grapes.  It  must 
be  deeply  and  well  ploughed,  thoroughly  pulverized  and 
smoothed  by  harrowing  or  rolling.  If  the  soil  is  old  and 
worn  out,  well  rotted  stable  manure  should  be  applied ; 
fresh  manure  should  be  avoided.  Put  bones  in  the  holes 
prepared  for  the  vines,  if  possible,  for  their  needed  supply 
of  phosphates.  Set  vines  in  rows  eight  feet  apart,  several 
feet  apart  in  the  row. 

R.  T.  CRAWFORD  :  I  prepared  the  ground  for  my  vine- 
yard in  the  following  manner :  Holes  two  feet  square  and 
three  feet  deep  were  dug,  in  rows  eight  feet  apart  and  six 
feet  apart  in  the  rows.  In  these  holes  were  first  put  about 
nine  inches  of  broken  bones,  upon  which  was  put  about 
three  inches  of  well-rotted  manure.  Then  the  holes  were 
nearly  filled  with  surface  soil,  leaving  a  mound  in  the  centre 
upon  which  the  roots  of  the  vine  were  spread,  in  as  natural 
a  position  as  possible.  The  holes  were  then  filled  up,  leav- 
ing the  crown  of  the  vine  on  a  level  with  the  surface. 

A.  N.  HOAG:  My  grapes  are  set  8x8  feet  and  I  cover 
with  earth  where  the  vines  are  small,  but  when  too  large  "I 
lay  them  on  the  ground,  laying  anything  which  comes  handy 
on  them  to  hold  them  down. 

J.  WOLFF  :  With  the  grape  don't  make  the  mistake  of 
planting  on  low,  moist  ground  to  save  the  trouble  of  irri- 
gating. They  should  be  planted  on  dry  ground  so  that  the 


Grapes.  j  \ 

water  may  be  withheld  when  the  fruit  is  ripening  so  as  to 
insure  early  maturity. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB:  Plow  furrows  where  you  want  your 
grapes;  if  not  deep  enough  dig  your  holes  the  same  as 
recommended  for  apple  trees  and  treat  the  same  way. 

NO  MILDEW  KNOWN  IN  COLORADO. 

Says  VALENTINE  DEVINNY  :  Owing  to  the  structure 
and  nature  of  the  leaf  of  the  grape  vine  it  is  especially  sub- 
ject to  mildew,  mould,  rust  or  smut,  all  of  which  are  synon- 
omous  terms  for  various  forms  of  a  parasitic  plant,  living 
upon  what  it  infests.  Mildew  is  brought  into  existence  and 
propagated  by  a  moist  atmosphere  and  is  destroyed  by  a 
dry  one.  Therefore  mildew,  and  especially  grape  mildew, 
can  not  exist  to  any  great  extent,  if  ever,  in  our  Colorado 
climate.  Though  a  cultivator  of  grapes  for  over  twelve 
years,  yet  I  have  never  seen  rust  or  mildew  in  my  vineyard. 
This  goes  to  show  that  we  possess  one  of  the  best  climates 
in  the  world  for  grape  culture ;  a  climate  not  only  suited  to 
the  hardy  coarse  sorts,  of  the  fox  grape  variety,  but  the 
finer  foreign  sorts  also,  such  as  the  Muscats,  Hamburg  and 
and  Chasselas'  Frontignans. 

GOOD  EFFECTS  OF  IRRIGATION. 

V.  DEVINNY  :  The  grape  requires  less  water  than  almost 
•any  other  fruit.  It  is  a  notable  fact,  which  thus  has  a  direct 
bearing  upon  this  matter,  that  all  grape-growing  districts 
throughout  the  world  noted  for  the  production  of  grapes  or 
wine  in  their  perfection,  are .  favored  by  an  arid  climate 
where  agriculture  is  pursued  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  aid 
of  irrigation.  The  famous  wine  districts  of  France,  Italy 
.and  Germany  are  located  within,  or  are  adjacent  to,  arid  re- 
gions made  fertile  by  a  grand  and  extensive  system  of  irri- 
gation. The  arid  regions  of  Spain  produce  wines  and  raisins 
of  world-wide  fame ;  so  also  in  Australia  and  in  our  own 
.sister  State  of  California,  we  find  the  most  magnificent 


72  Fruit  Culture. 

grapes  to  be  grown  only  in  the  more  arid  regions  that  are 
dependent  entirely  upon  irrigation. 

PRUNING. 

WM.  M.  GUMM  :  On  the  subject  of  pruning,  I  would 
say  that  many  of  the  amateur  growers  do  not  understand 
or  do  not  avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  to  be  gained 
by  summer  pruning.  My  theory  is  not  to  let  too  much 
wood  grow,  cutting  away  the  lateral  shoots  and  training  to 
one,  two,  three  or  four  branches  which,  by  thus  being  given 
the  full  strength  of  the  roots,  will  rapidly  grow  in  strength 
and  stockiness. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  I  think  the  trimming  can  be  attended 
to  if  adopted  early  in  the  spring,  when  the  leaves  start,  by 
pinching  back  with  thumb  and  finger,  and  during  the  grow- 
ing season  not  using  the  knife  at  all ;  where  they  are  wanted 
for  trellis  or  arbor,  keeping  to  a  single  cane  the  first  two  years 
or  more,  then  starting  from  the  main  cane  to  suit  the  party's- 
taste. 

V.  DEVINNY  :  Grow  but  one  cane  the  first  season ;  late 
in  the  fall  prune  down  to  within  six  inches  of  the  ground ; 
next  season  allow  two  canes  to  grow,  rubbing  off  all  sum- 
mer shoots  that  start,  also  those  side  shoots  on  the  two  canes 
for  a  distance  of  two  feet  at  least  upward,  not  only  that  they 
may  ripen  their  wood  but  that  they  may  become  stronger. 
On  strong  vines  one  bunch  of  grapes  may  be  allowed  to 
grow  the  second  year  without  injury  to  the  vines.  Prune 
the  two  canes  at  the  end  of  the  second  summer  down  to  two 
eyes  each;  from  these  four  buds  grow  four  shoots  which 
should  bear  fruit  if  the  vine  .is  thrifty. 

TRAINING. 

Vines  are  allowed  to  run  on  the  ground,  in  Colorado, 
and  but  little,  if  any,  training  is  done.  J.  W.  Cook,  the 
veteran  grape  grower  on  Ralston  Creek,  says  this  is  the 
natural  and  only  way.  It  must  be  admitted  that  it  is  an 


Grapes.  73 

easy  and  cheap  way — some  might  say  a  lazy  man's  way. 
Still,  thus  far  it  is  the  prevailing  method,  though  here  and 
there,  both  in  Northern  and  in  Southern  Colorado,  we  have 
seen  trellised  vines  bearing  nobly. 

MR.  VALENTINE  DEVINNY  says:  Neither  rust,  rot  nor 
mildew  result  from  untrained  vines  in  this  State,  hence  this 
expensive  labor  is  avoided.  There  is  also  an  apparent  ad- 
vantage in  allowing  grape  vines  to  run  upon  the  ground 
which  is  worthy  of  mention.  As  the  fruit  rests  upon  or 
hangs  near  the  earth's  surface,  it  gets  all  the  benefits  of  the 
radiated  heat  during  the  cold  nights  that  prevail  in  Colorado 
during  the  period  of  ripening.  This  is  breathed  upon  and 
through  the  fruit,  which  hangs  beneath  a  thick  coat  of  leaves 
which  confines  it  like  a  blanket.  Thus  is  the  fruit  hastened 
in  ripening  by  greater  warmth  during  the  cold  nights. 

WIXTER  PROTECTION. 

V.  Devinny  in  1879  furnished  to  the  columns  of  the 
Colorado  Farmer  several  papers  on  the  cultivation  of  the 
grape,  in  which  he  claimed  the  honor  of  having  been  the 
first  to  publish  and  suggest  winter  protection  to  the  grape 
vine  by  covering  with  earth,  thereby  revolutionizing  the  old 
system  of  culture.  By  means  of  this  new  method  he  feels 
sure  that  Colorado  will  be  made  as  famous  for  its  grapes  and 
wine  as  it  is  now  for  its  gold  and  silver. 

WM.  M.  GUMM  :  As  far  as  my  experience  has  taught 
me  I  think  that  the  vines  should  be  laid  down  early  in  the 
fall  to  secure  a  crop. 

W.  A.  HELM  :  Vines  must  be  buried,  however,  in  win- 
ter. I  stake  them  in  the  growing  season,  then  lay  them 
down  and  cover  them  with  at  least  a  foot  of  dirt,  keeping 
them  so  until  all  danger  of  spring  frosts  is  over. 

HENRY  MCALLISTER,  JR  :  In  early  winter  I  remove  the 
vines  from  the  trellises,  prune  back,  but  not  closely,  cover 
them  with  earth  and  cut  back  quite  heroically  in  the  spring 
when  the  covering  is  removed. 


74  Fruit  Culture, 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  In  the  fall  lay  them  down  and  cover 
with  dirt  If  not  actually  necessary  they  will  richly  repay 
the  trouble  for  the  first  year  or  two  in  starting  and  growing 
more  vigorously.  When  once  established,  they  will  nearly 
take  care  of  themselves. 

V.  DEVINNY  :  We  must  protect  our  grape  vines  from 
the  drying  effects  of  the  air,  as  well  as  from  severe  freezing. 
The  object  to  be  obtained,  therefore,  in  protection  is  to  keep 
the  vines  moist  during  their  winter  rest  and  protected  from 
excessive  frost  and  repeated  thawing  and  freezing.  Noth- 
ing is  better  as  a  protection  than  earth,  either  dry  or  moist, 
banked  up  high  around  the  vines,  to  be  left  until  early  spring, 
when  the  earth  should  be  carefully  removed. 

There  is,  however,  at  least  one  person  in  Southern 
Colorado  who  does  not  cover  his  vines  in  winter.  It  is  Mr. 
Anson  Rudd,  of  Canon  City,  who  has  quite  a  number  of 
grape  vines  of  long  standing.  These  he  grows  upon  trel- 
lises, and  has  never  laid  down  and  covered  in  winter.  He 
has  a  grape  arbor  that  reminded  us  of  those  familiar  to  and 
connected  with  our  earlier  life  in  New  York  State. 

TESTED  VARIETIES. 

E.  R.  SIZER:  This  year  (1881)  my  Concord  grapes 
drove  all  other  grapes  from  our  market.  While  they  lasted 
the  people  would  have  no  others.  They  said  my  fruit  was 
thinner  skinned,  sweeter  and  more  tender  than  California  or 
Kansas  grapes.  I  sold  grapes  at  the  hotels  at  West  Las 
Animas  to  pilgrims  from  Kansas  City  who  said  I  must  be 
mistaken,  they  were  too  good  for  the  Concord  grape. 

W.  A.  HELM  :  Though  the  Concord  and  the  Martha 
do  well,  the  Salem  is  the  finest  grape  that  can  be  grown  in 
Colorado.  It  is  a  late  starter,  but  ripens  as  early  as  the 
Concord.  It  is  a  cherry  colored  grape  and  ought  to  be 
planted  in  every  garden. 

ANSON  RUDD:  The  Concord,  Isabella,  Hartford  Prolific 


Grapes.  75 

and  Union  Village  are  those  I  favor  most,  though  my  belief 
is  strong  that  every  variety  known  can  be  grown  here. 

HENRY  MCALLISTER,  JR.:  I  have  grown  quite  a  crop  of 
Concord  grapes.  I  recommend  the  earliest  ripening  kind, 
such  as  Pocklington  and  Moore's  Early,  especially  the  lat- 
ter. None  that  ripen  later  than  the  Concord  should  be 
grown. 

E.  R.  SIZER  :  I  have  now  in  bearing  1,225  Concord 
vines  and  100  Creveling.  I  have  also  planted  1,000  Martha 
and  i  ,000  Catawba. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  Persons  wanting  varieties  that  ripen 
later  than  the  Concord  will  fail  with  the  crop. 

J.WOLFF:  Care  should  be  -taken  in.  the  selection  of 
hardy  varieties,  such  as  the  Concord,  Hartford,  Martha  and 
Delaware. 

O.  O.  KENT  :  No  grape  as  late  as  the  Concord  will  do 
well  on  the  clay  soils  of  Colorado.  The  lona  is  a  late  grape 
.and  therefore  undesirable.  The  best  grapes  for  Colorado, 
in  my  opinion,  are  the  Delaware  and  the  Clinton. 

COLORADO  FARMER  :  J.  H.  Newcomb  brought  us  in  to- 
day— Sept.  ist. — some  sample  bunches  of  thoroughly  ripe 
Delaware  grapes.  Also  a  new  variety  (foreign),  the  Early 
Madeline,  which  is  a  small  black  grape,  but  of  delicious 
flavor,  very  compact  on  the  bunch,  and  from  its  early  ripen- 
ing will,  no  doubt,  prove  a  valuable  grape  for  Colorado. 

A.  E.  GIPSON  :  So  far  the  Concord,  Hartford,  Delaware, 
Martha  and  lona  have  done  well  with  me. 

J.  H.  NEWCOMB  :  The  Crevelling  is  the  best  black  grape 
for  Colorado. 

A.  N.  HOAG  :  I  have  fruited  the  Martha,  which  I  think 
will  in  time  supercede  all  others,  it  being  very  sweet  and 
early.  I  put  the  Concord,  Delaware,  Clinton  and  Martha 
in  the  front  rank  out  of  nineteen  varieties  that  I  have  in  cul- 
tivation. I  have  about  an  acre  of  five  year  old  vines. 

W.  A.  HELM  :  I  prefer  the  Salem  for  Southern  Colo- 
rado. It  is  a  strong  growing  vine,  with  a  broad,  clear  leaf 


76  Fruit  Culture. 

and  beautiful,  abundant  clusters  of  fruit,  whose  flavor  can 
best  be  described  as  that  of  distilled  rose  water. 

E.  J.  HUBBARD  :  I  grow  Concord,  Talman,  Hartford 
and  Ives'  Seedling.  .  The  Talman  ripens  August'  i/th  with 
me  and  is  in  every  respect  perfect.  I  think,  however,  that 
the  Concord  is  more  particularly  adapted  to  the  soil  and 
climate  of  Southern  Colorado  than  any  other  variety. 

PERRY  WHITE  :  I  have  some  five  or  six  hundred  vines,, 
mostly  Concord,  some  Delaware,  and  some  Rogers  No.  15. 
I  consider  the  Concord  the  best  grape  as  far  as  yield  is  con- 
cerned, the  grapes  being  large  and  the  clusters  full.  The 
Delaware,  however,  is  the  sweetest  grape. 

VALENTINE  DEVINNY:  I  place  the  following  in  the  order 
of  their  excellence  with  me:  Chasselas,  Delaware,  Cham- 
pion, Massasoit,  Black  Hamburg,  Croton,  Martha,  Brighton. 
The  Hartford  Prolific,  Crevelling  and  Ives  do  not  do  well 
with  me  on  clay  soil. 

G.  W.  WEBSTER  :  The  Concord  grape  proves  by  far  the 
best  for  Colorado.  It  is  the  grape  for  the  million.  The 
Hartford  Prolific  is  a  standard.  The  Clinton  for  a  sour 
grape  is  recommended. 

FOREIGN  VARIETIES. 

V.  Devinny  claims  that  the  foreign  varieties,  Vitis  Vini- 
fera,  such  as  the  Chasselas,  Frontegnans,  the  Muscats,  etc., 
etc.  are  to  be  the  market  grapes  of  Colorado.  He  says : 
"  These  noble  sorts  never  mildew  nor  rot  in  the  pure,  health- 
ful air  of  our  climate,  and  as  they  are  far  superior  in  quality 
and  flavor  to  any  other,  they  are  a  great  acquisition,  and 
will,  in  the  not  distant  future,  be  produced  in  vast  abundance 
for  home  consumption  and  export." 

W.  A.  Helm  has  over  sixty  bearing  vines.     In  addition 
to  the  Concord  and  other  Eastern  grapes,  he  has  grown  for 
several  years  four  California  varieties,  the  Muscatel,  Rose  of[_ 
Peru,  Sweet  Water  and  White  Chasselas,   all  white  except 
the  Rose  of  Peru.     These  have  been  in  bearing  for  the  last 


Strawberries.  77 

four  years  and  he  says  they  will  undoubtedly  do  well  in 
Colorado. 

At  Fountain  City,  twelve  miles  south  of  Colorado 
Lprings,  much  attention  is  being  given  to  fruit  culture, 
and  much  fruit  is  being  raised  there.  Mr.  O.  S.  Loomis, 
has  been  quite  successful  in  growing  grapes.  He  thinks 
Southern  Colorado  will  become  a  great  grape  country.  He 
not  only  grows  the  hardy  grapes  of  the  labrusca  varieties, 
but  has  succeeded  well  with  some  of  the  vinifera.  Last 
season  he  had  quite  a  quantity  of  Muscat  grapes.  He  al- 
ways buries  his  vines  carefully  in  winter. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Newcomb,  in  an  address  before  the  El  Paso 
County  Horticultural  Society,  in  October,  1881,  gave  it  as 
his  firm  belief  that  the  best  of  the  foreign  varieties  that 
could  be  grown  in  Colorado  is  the  Chasselas  de  Fontainbleu. 

Mr.  V.  Devinny  is  a  firm  believer  in  the  ultimate  suc- 
cessful culture  of  the  foreign  varieties  in  this  State.  He 
gives  the  following  list  of  those  that  promise  well  in  his 
vineyard:  Sweet  Water,  Chasselas  Fontainbleu,  Chasselas 
Musque,  Black  Hamburg,  Black  Madeline.  These  are  all 
early  varieties — earlier  than  Concord — ripening  fruit  as  early 
as  the  Delaware. 

SUGGESTED  NEW  GRAPES. 

Among  the  new  varieties  of  great  merit,  Mr.  E.  R. 
Cosson  recommends  the  following: 

Duchess — One  of  the  most  promising  and  rich  flavored 
of  the  new  white  grapes.  Ripens  between  Delaware  and 
Concord ;  foliage  healthy ;  vine  very  productive  and  per- 
fectly hardy.  Has  stood  unprotected,  with  mercury  24^ 
degrees  below  zero,  without  injury. 

Early  Victor — This  variety  is  one  of  the  hardiest  of 
the  Labrusca  type,  vigorous  in  growth  and  very  productive. 
One  week  earlier  than  Moore's  Early,  and  greatly  superior 
to  it  in  flavor  and  quality.  Reliable  and  certain  in  fruiting. 


78  Fruit  Culture. 

I  firmly  believe  that  this  will  prove  to  be  the  best  black 
grape  yet  introduced  into  Colorado. 

Pocklington  (see  plate). — Will  succeed  where  the  Con- 
cord does.  It  is  the  most  popular  of  all  the  new  varieties, 
of  hardy  grapes.  It  is  claimed  that  it  has  never  been  in- 
jured by  cold,  although  it  has  stood  a  temperature  of  34 
degrees  below  zero. 

Prentiss — A  splendid  white  grape.  Vine  a  good  grower, 
very  productive,  hardy,  buds  having  stood  uninjured  with 
thermometer  fifteen  to  twenty  degrees  below  zero.  An  ex- 
cellent keeper.  Ripens  with  the  Concord.  Is  well  worthy 
to  be  classed  among  the  best. 

Vergennes — An  amber-colored  grape;  clusters  large,, 
flavor  rich  and  delicious  ;  ripens  with  Hartford  Prolific;  ex- 
cellent keeping  qualities.  Vine  hardy,  a  strong,  rapid 
grower ;  has  been  known  to  make  fifteen  feet  of  wood  in  a 
season.  This  grape  possesses  many  good  traits  and  is 
worthy  of  an  extended  trial  in  Colorado.  It  is  claimed  that 
two-year  vines  generally  fruit  the  next  season  after  trans- 
planting, which  is  worthy  of  great  consideration,  if  true. 

Warden— Fast  growing  into  favor  in  Colorado.  One 
of  the  best  new  grapes  of  the  Concord  variety.  Large  in 
bunch  and  berry ;  very  handsome  ;  in  every  way  superior 
to  the  Concord ;  earlier  and  more  hardy  and  vigorous. 
Ripens  with  the  Hartford.  I  heartily  recommend  it  for 
Colorado. 


FRUIT  LANDS. 


IN  THE  GRAND  RIVER  COUNTRY. 

IjlRUIT  growing,  it  is  thought,  will  be  a  prominent  indus- 
try in  Grand  River  Valley,  as  it  lies  in  the  same  belt  with 
the  best  California  and  Utah  fruit-growing  sections.  The 
altitude  is  4,500  feet,  and  the  climate  is  one  of  the  best 
But  twice  did  snow  fall  at  Grand  Junction  during  the  winter 
of  1881-82.  Water  is  found  at  a  depth  of  30  to  40  feet, 
coal  adjoins  the  town  site,  lime  and  sand  rock  are  abundant, 
and  it  would  seem  as  if  this  fair  town  had  a  bright  future 
before  it  as  the  center  of  a  fruit  and  grain  growing  country. 
When  we  look  at  Greeley,  Fort  Collins,  Longmont,  and  re- 
member what  they  were  ten  years  ago,  we  can  well  imagine 
that  towns  as  fair  and  prosperous  and  communities  as  thriv- 
ing and  as  happy  will  be  found  in  the  next  decade  in  this 
valley  where  of  late  only  the  dusky  Indian's  feet  were 
treading,  and  his  gutteral  voice  was  heard,  making  discord- 
ant echoes  in  the  wilderness.  Now  the  early  morning  light 
of  pioneerism  is  breaking  over  the  valley,  to  be  followed 
shortly  by  the  bright  beams  of  the  rising  sun  of  civilization. 
In  an  article  on  the  Fruit  Lands  of  the  Future,  written 
by  D.  S.  Grimes,  and  published  in  the  Colorado  Fanner, 
September  2ist,  1882,  he  says:  "The  new  Colorado,  of 
which  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Uncompahgre,  Gunnison 
and  Grand  rivers  form  a  part,  offer  to  the  fruit  grower  ad- 
vantages in  markets,  soil,  climate  and  water  found  nowhere 
else  in  the  .State.  In  the  Grand  River  Valley  especially, 
peaches,  quinces  and  apricots  can  be  grown,  as  well  as 
apples,  pears,  plums,  cherries  and  small  fruits.  In  the  cul- 


8o  Fruit  Culture. 

tivation  of  the  grape  we  find  here  in  soil  and  climate,  con- 
ditions highly  favorable  to  the  growing  and  ripening  this 
delicious  fruit.  The  supply  of  water  for  irrigation,  which  is 
already  causing  serious  apprehension  in  the  minds  of  farmers 
living  along  the  streams  that  flow  east  from  the  mountains, 
is  in  those  western  rivers  inexhaustible.  Here  we  have  more 
rain  fall  in  summer,  and  more  snow  fall  in  the  mountains  in 
winter.  Thriving  springs  of  pure  water  abound  everywhere 
in  the  mountains.  The  rivers  are  deep,  rapid  running 
streams,  carrying  a  large  volume  of  water  through  the 
whole  season,  affording  without  stint  all  the  water  needed 
for  irrigation — a  valuable  consideration  to  the  Colorado 
farmer  and  fruit  grower. 

"  The  soil  is  rich  in  all  the  elements  of  vegetable  pro- 
duction, and  being  of  a  light,  ashy  color,  the  heat  of  sum- 
mer has  not  the  scorching  power  as  upon  dark-colored  soils. 
The  degree  of  cold  seldom  falling  below  zero  in  winter,  with 
an  altitude  of  4,500  feet,  is  sufficient  evidence  of  a  highly- 
favorable  locality  for  fruit  growing.  In  considering  the 
profits  likely  to  be  gained  by  fruit  culture  on  this  reserva- 
tion, a  glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  we  are  in  easy 
access  of  Ouray,  Lake  City,  Gunnison,  Pitkin,  Aspen,  Lead- 
ville,  and  all  the  rich  mining  camps  around  these  thriving 
towns  and  cities. 

"The  South  Park,  Eagle  River,  and  Denver  and  Cali- 
fornia roads  will  all  pass  through  this  region  of  country, 
thus  opening  up  a  fruit  market  in  every  important  mining 
district  in  the  State. 

"  With  soil,  climate,  water  and  cheap  lands  at  the  very 
door  of  the  best  fruit  markets  in  the  world,  we  will  now 
consider  the  cost  and  profit  of  fruit  culture  under  experi- 
enced management,  giving  the  wholesale  quotations  of  fruit 
in  Denver  as  the  ruling  prices,  and  see  what  a  little  money, 
backed  by  honest  industry,  will  do  in  fruit  growing  in  this 
new  Colorado.  In  an  enterprise  of  this  kind  much  depends 
upon  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  demands  of  the  markets 


Fruit  Lands. 


81 


to  be  supplied,  as  well  as  the  manner  of  planting  and  culti- 
vation. Taking  it  for  granted  that  after  buying  and  improv- 
ing ten  or  twenty  acres  we  have  in  cash  $500  or  $1,000  to 
invest  in  fruit  trees  and  small  fruits,  we  will  see  what  a  grow- 
ing valuation  will  lead  to  in  ten  years.  As  a  guide  to  our 
estimates  of  cost  and  profits  we  will  take  ten  acres  of  small 
fruit  and  ten  acres  of  standard  fruit,  leaving  the  prospective 
planter  to  combine  or  divide  the  quantities  as  will  best  suit 
the  area  of  land  to  be  planted.  Beginning  with  ten  acres  of 
small  fruit  our  account  the  first  year  will  stand  thus: 


10 


VARIETIES 

OF 
FRUIT. 


Strawberries 

Currants 

Raspberries 

Blackberries 

Grapes 


DISTANCE 

OF 
PLANTING. 


3X  feet,  1V6  feet  in  row 
4  feet  apart  each  way ... 

7  feet,  4  feet  in  row 

7  feet,  4  feet  in  row 

6  feet,  8  feet  in  row 


12,4-15 

2,722 

1,550 

1,550 

900 


24,890 
4,083 
2,325 
3,100 
2,790 


$100 
150 
50 
50 
150 


$500 


SECOND  YEAR. 

1  acres  strawberries,  half  crop,  2,500  quarts,  20  cents $  500 

THIRD  YEAR. 

2  acres  strawberries  full  crop,  5,000  quarts,  at  20  cents 1000 

1*4  acres  currants,  1,3-50  quarts  at  20  cents  „*... 270 

l\4  acres  raspberries,  1,500  quarts  at  25  cents ...-„ 375 

2  acres  blackberries,  2,000  quarts  at  20  cents 400 

3  acres  grapes,  10,000  pounds  at  4  cents 400 

FOURTH  YEAR.  '     v  \       $2445 

2  acres  strawberries,  5,000  quarts  at  20  cents ...*....'....    1000 

1%  acres  currants,  4,000  quarts  at  20  cents >>,......      800 

1%  acres  raspberries,  3,000  quarts  at  25  cents ?.....,-....      750 

2  acres  blackberries,  4,000  quarts  at  20  cents 800 

3  acres  grapes,  25,000  pounds  at  4  cents v 1000 

FIP-TH  YEAR.  $1350 

2  acres  strawberries,  5,000  quarts  at  20  cents $1000 

1V2  acres  currants,  5,000  quarts  at  20  cents 1000 

1\4  acres  raspberries,  3,000  quarts  at  25  cents 750 

2  acres  blackberries,  4,500  quarts  at  20  cents 900 

3  acres  grapes,  30,000  pounds  4  cents 1200 

$4850 

In  an  orchard  often  acres  of  standard  fruit  we  can  also 
plant  between  the  rows  strawberries,  currants,  gooseberries 
and  grapes  without  injury  to  the  trees;  or  cultivate  vegeta- 


82 


Fruit  Culture. 


bles  the  first  six  years  and  then  seed  down  to  clover,  which 
will  pay  all  expense  in  cultivation. 

"With  ten  acres  of  standard  fruit  our  account  of  cost 
and  profit  will  stand  thus: 


VARIETIES 

OF 
FRUIT. 


FIRST  YEAR. 
DISTANCE  OF  PLANTING. 


Jl 


5  Apples ..  25  feet  apart  each  way 69  I  315  $100 

2  Peaches 15  feet  apart  each  way 193  I  386  100 

Pears 15  feet  apart  each  way 193  I  193  100 

1  Cherries 15  feet  apart  each  way 193  !  193  100  \ 

Plums 15  feet  apart  each  way 193  I  198  100    I 

10  _ 

No  income  from  fruit  until  third  year. 

THIRD  YEAR. 
2  acres  peaches,  100  bushels $200 

FOURTH  YEAR. 

5  acres  apples,  75  bushels $112 

2  acres  peaches,  410  bushels 820 

1  acre  cherries,  25  bushels 75 

1  acre  plums,  25  bushels 75 

SIXTH  YEAR.  $1082 

5  acres  apples,  400  bushels .' $600 

2  acres  peaches,  800  bushels 1600 

1  acre  pears,  200  bushels 600 

1  acre  cherries,  200  bushels 600 

1  acre  plums,  200  bushels 600 

EIGHTH  YEAR.  $1000 

5  acres  apples,  1,200  bushels $1800 

2  acres  peaches,  1,000  bushels 2000 

1  acre  pears,  300  bushels  900 

1  acre  cherries,  300  bushels 900 

1  acre  plums,  300  bushels 900 

TENTH  YEAR.  $6500 

5  acres  apples,  1,800  bushels 2700 

2  acres  peaches,  900  bushels 1350 

1  acre  pears,  400  bushels 1200 

1  acre  cherries,  400  bushels 1200 

1  acre  plums,  400  bushels 1200 

$7650 
Total  receipts  for  five  crops  of  fruit  in  ten  years $19432 

"  Deducting  twenty  per  cent,  of  the  gross  receipts  for 
expense  in  gathering  and  marketing  the  fruit  crops  we  have 
remaining  to  the  credit  of  the  orchard  $15,546." 


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